Bipolar plates and regenerative fuel cell stacks including same

1. A frame for a bipolar plate, said frame comprising:

a frame main body formed of an insulation material, said frame main body having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; said frame main body having an aperture therethrough; and

connection channels that are formed in the frame main body to connect to reaction flow channels in the bipolar plate;

wherein the bipolar plate comprises:

a plate main body formed of an electrically conductive material, said plate main body having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, each surface having reaction flow channels through which fluids pass;

manifolds formed on the plate main body in the form of an inlet to introduce a fluid to the reaction flow channels and an outlet to discharge the fluid from the reaction flow channels;

connection channels that are formed on the plate main body to connect the reaction flow channels and the manifolds, wherein said connection channels have a length from the reaction flow channels to the manifolds and a cross section area sufficient to form an internal ionic solution resistor that reduces a shunt current; wherein the length and the cross section area of the connection channels are determined by a potential across the manifolds, conductivity of ionic solutions that pass through the connection channels, and maximum allowed shunt currents;

said reaction flow channels on the first surface having a plurality of ribs therebetween forming an interdigitate flow field pattern, and

said reaction flow channels on the second surface having a plurality of ribs therebetween forming an interdigitate flow field pattern or a flow field pattern different from an interdigitate flow field pattern.

2. The frame of claim 1 wherein said bipolar plate is positioned in said aperture; said bipolar plate connected to said frame through the connection channels formed in the frame main body and reaction flow channels in the bipolar plate.

3. The frame of claim 1 wherein the connection channels formed in the frame main body are connected to manifolds.

4. The frame of claim 1 wherein the bipolar plate further comprises reaction flow channels on the second surface have a plurality of ribs therebetween forming a serpentine flow field pattern.

5. The frame of claim 1 wherein the bipolar plate further comprises connection channels that are formed on the plate main body to connect the reaction flow channels and the manifolds, and to which gaskets for sealing the bipolar plates are attached; wherein the connection channels are formed such that flat regions of both the first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface of the plate main body face each other, and the gaskets are attached to the flat surfaces of the plate main bodies.

6. The frame of claim 1 wherein the frame and the bipolar plate are sealed by over molding.

7. A frame for a bipolar plate in which the bipolar plate is at least one of a plurality of bipolar plates in a regenerative fuel cell stack;

wherein the frame comprises:

a frame main body formed of an insulation material, said frame main body having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; said frame main body having an aperture therethrough; and

connection channels that are formed in the frame main body to connect to reaction flow channels in the bipolar plate; and

wherein the bipolar plate comprises:

a plate main body formed of an electrically conductive material, said plate main body having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, each surface having reaction flow channels through which fluids pass;

manifolds formed on the plate main body in the form of an inlet to introduce a fluid to the reaction flow channels and an outlet to discharge the fluid from the reaction flow channels;

connection channels that are formed on the plate main body to connect the reaction flow channels and the manifolds, wherein said connection channels have a length from the reaction flow channels to the manifolds and a cross section area sufficient to form an internal ionic solution resistor that reduces a shunt current; wherein the length and the cross section area of the connection channels are determined by a potential across the manifolds, conductivity of ionic solutions that pass through the connection channels, and maximum allowed shunt currents;

said reaction flow channels on the first surface having a plurality of ribs therebetween forming an interdigitate flow field pattern, and

said reaction flow channels on the second surface having a plurality of ribs therebetween forming an interdigitate flow field pattern or a flow field pattern different from an interdigitate flow field pattern.

8. The frame of claim 7 wherein the regenerative fuel cell stack comprises:

a plurality of said bipolar plates;

a plurality of membrane and electrode assemblies comprising:

an anode, a cathode and a nanoporous proton conducting membrane disposed between said anode and said cathode; said anode comprising a support and a catalyst dispersed thereon, said catalyst comprising at least one precious metal; said cathode comprising a support and a catalyst optionally dispersed thereon, said catalyst comprising carbon powder or at least one precious metal with carbon powder; wherein the catalyst dispersed on said anode and the catalyst dispersed on said cathode are the same or different and are capable of catalyzing, in the presence of a halogen ion or a mixture of halogen ions, a charging reaction and a discharging reaction in a regenerative fuel cell;

wherein said nanoporous proton conducting membrane comprises: (i) 5% to 60% by volume of an electrically nonconductive inorganic powder having acid absorption capacity, wherein the powder comprising essentially nanosize particles; (ii) 5% to 50% by volume of a polymeric binder that is chemically compatible with acid, oxygen and fuel; and (iii) 10 to 90% by volume of an acid or aqueous acid solution; and

wherein the plurality of membrane and electrode assemblies are alternately stacked with the plurality of said bipolar plates.

9. The frame of claim 7 wherein the length and the cross section area of the connection channels are determined by a potential across the manifolds, conductivity of ionic solutions that pass through the connection channels, and maximum allowed shunt currents.