Platinum nanoparticles having hollow skeletal structures and methods of making

1. A method of forming a nanoparticle, the method comprising:

depositing an atomically thin layer of lead atoms on a silver or silver alloy nanoparticle;

replacing the atomically thin layer of lead atoms with noble metal atoms to form an atomically thin layer of noble metal atoms having a plurality of spaces;

forming a hollow noble metal skeleton structure having an inner skeletal structure surface and an outer skeletal structure surface by dissolving the silver or silver alloy nanoparticle, the plurality of spaces in the atomically thin layer of noble metal atoms facilitating the dissolving of the silver or silver alloy nanoparticle; and

depositing platinum atoms on the hollow noble metal skeleton structure, the depositing of platinum atoms forming an inner layer on the inner skeletal structure surface and an outer layer on the outer skeletal structure surface, wherein the forming of the outer layer includes forming a first layer of platinum atoms on the outer skeletal structure surface of the hollow noble metal skeletal structure, the first layer of platinum atoms comprising a discontinuous structure that only partially covers the outer skeletal structure surface.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the noble metal atoms are selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium and iridium atoms.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the silver or silver alloy nanoparticle is dissolved prior to the depositing of the platinum atoms on the inner skeletal structure surface of the hollow noble metal skeleton structure.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the silver or silver nanoparticle has a diameter between about 2 nanometers and about 30 nanometers.

5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

forming a second layer of platinum atoms on the first layer of platinum atoms.

6. A method of forming a nanoparticle, the method comprising:

depositing an atomically thin layer of lead atoms on a silver or silver alloy nanoparticle,

replacing the atomically thin layer of lead atoms with noble metal atoms to form an atomically thin layer of noble metal atoms having a plurality of spaces;

forming a hollow noble metal skeleton structure having an inner skeletal structure surface and an outer skeletal structure surface by dissolving the silver or silver alloy nanoparticle, the plurality of spaces in the atomically thin layer of noble metal atoms facilitating the dissolving of the silver or silver alloy nanoparticle; and

depositing platinum atoms on the hollow noble metal skeleton structure, the depositing of platinum atoms, forming an inner layer on the inner skeletal structure surface and an outer layer on the outer skeletal structure surface, wherein the depositing of the inner layer or the outer layer includes forming a first layer of platinum atoms, and forming a second layer of platinum atoms on the first layer of platinum atoms.

7. A method of forming a nanoparticle, the method comprising:

depositing an atomically thin layer of lead atoms on a silver or silver alloy nanoparticle;

replacing the atomically thin layer of lead atoms with noble metal atoms to form an atomically thin layer of noble metal atoms having a plurality of spaces;

forming a hollow noble metal skeleton structure having an inner skeletal structure surface and an outer skeletal structure surface by dissolving the silver or silver alloy nanoparticle, the plurality of spaces in the atomically thin layer of noble metal atoms facilitating the dissolving of the silver or silver alloy nanoparticle;

depositing platinum atoms on the hollow noble metal skeleton structure, the depositing of platinum atoms forming an inner layer on the inner skeletal structure surface and an outer layer on the outer skeletal structure surface, wherein the forming of the outer layer includes:

forming a first layer of platinum atoms on the outer skeletal structure surface of the hollow noble metal skeletal structure, the first layer of platinum atoms only partially covering the outer skeletal structure surface, and

forming a second layer of platinum atoms on the first layer of platinum atoms on the outer skeletal structure surface.