Photonic crystal laser

1. A photonic crystal laser, comprising:

a) an active layer;

b) a ring-shaped photonic crystal including a plate-shaped base body on one side of the active layer, and a ring-shaped area formed in the plate-shaped base body, the ring-shaped area being formed by a plurality of modified refractive index area rows periodically arranged in a circumferential direction of a ring such that rotation symmetry is present, each of the modified refractive index area rows having an effective permittivity asymmetrical with respect to a center line of the modified refractive index area row, and each modified refractive index area in the modified refractive index area rows are arranged in a straight line in a radial direction of the ring, the modified refractive index areas being formed of a single material and having a refractive index different from that of the base body, the ring-shaped photonic-crystal being formed without a central defect;

c) a first electrode and a second electrode facing each other across the active layer and the ring-shaped photonic crystal; and

d) a window provided in the second electrode, the window being capable of allowing passage of a laser light generated from the ring-shaped photonic crystal.

2. The photonic crystal laser according to claim 1 , wherein the first electrode is a ring-shaped electrode whose diameter and width overlap those of the ring-shaped photonic crystal.

3. The photonic crystal laser according to claim 2 , wherein a current-narrowing portion having a current-passing area being identical in shape to the ring-shaped electrode and an insulating area covering areas around the current-passing area are provided between the ring-shaped electrode and the ring-shaped photonic crystal.

4. The photonic crystal laser according to claim 1 , comprising a ring-shaped groove on each of inner and outer sides of the ring-shaped photonic crystal.

5. The photonic crystal laser according to claim 1 , wherein a ring-shaped convex lens bulging in a direction from the ring-shaped photonic crystal toward the second electrode is provided at the window of the second electrode.

6. The photonic crystal laser according to claim 1 , wherein an outer circumferential width, which is a width of the modified refractive index area on an outer circumference of the ring-shaped photonic crystal is different from an inner circumferential width, which is a width of the modified refractive index area on an inner circumference of the ring-shaped photonic crystal.

7. The photonic crystal laser according to claim 6 , wherein the outer circumferential width is larger than the inner circumferential width and smaller than (r 2 2 /r 1 2 ) times the inner circumferential width, where r 1 is an inner diameter of the ring-shaped photonic crystal and r 2 is an outer diameter of the ring-shaped photonic crystal.

8. The photonic crystal laser according to claim 7 , wherein the outer circumferential width is (r 2 /r 1 ) times the inner circumferential width.

9. The photonic crystal laser according to claim 1 , wherein the one or the plurality of modified refractive index areas in the modified refractive index area row are asymmetrically shaped with respect to the center line of the modified refractive index area row.

10. A photonic crystal laser, comprising:

a) an active layer;

b) a ring-shaped photonic crystal including a plate-shaped base body on one side of the active layer, and a ring-shaped area formed in the plate-shaped base body, the ring-shaped area being formed by a plurality of modified refractive index area rows periodically arranged in a circumferential direction of a ring such that rotation symmetry is present, each of the modified refractive index area rows having an effective permittivity asymmetrical with respect to a center line of the modified refractive index area row, and each modified refractive index area row includes at least two modified refractive index areas offset from each other in a circumferential direction of the ring and at least two modified refractive index areas partially overlapping in the radial direction of the ring, the modified refractive index areas being formed of a single material and having a refractive index different from that of the base body, the at least two modified refractive index areas offset from each other in the circumferential direction having a diameter different from each other;

c) a first electrode and a second electrode facing each other across the active layer and the ring-shaped photonic crystal; and

d) a window provided in the second electrode, the window being capable of allowing passage of a laser light generated from the ring-shaped photonic crystal.

11. A photonic crystal laser, comprising:

a) an active layer;

b) a ring-shaped photonic crystal including a plate-shaped base body on one side of the active layer, and a ring-shaped area formed in the plate-shaped base body, the ring-shaped area being formed by a plurality of modified refractive index area rows periodically arranged in a circumferential direction of a ring such that rotation symmetry is present, each of the modified refractive index area rows having an effective permittivity asymmetrical with respect to a center line of the modified refractive index area row, and each modified refractive index area row includes at least two modified refractive index areas offset from each other in a circumferential direction of the ring, the two modified refractive index areas having a refractive index different from that of the base body and having a diameter different from each other;

c) a first electrode and a second electrode facing each other across the active layer and the ring-shaped photonic crystal; and

d) a window provided in the second electrode, the window being capable of allowing passage of a laser light generated from the ring-shaped photonic crystal,

wherein an amount of the offset is one fourth of a cycle distance of the modified refractive index area rows.