Hydroxy estolides, poly-capped estolides, and methods of making the same
Provided herein are poly-capped estolides, including those of the Formula IV in which n is an integer equal to or greater than 0; m is an integer equal to or greater than 2; R 1 is selected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; R 2 is selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; and R 3 and R 4 , independently for each occurrence, are selected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched. Hydroxy estolides are also described herein, which may be suitable end products, or serve as intermediates to provide poly-capped estolides. Also provided are compositions containing poly-capped estolides and methods of making both said poly-capped estolides and compositions thereof.
1. A method of preparing an estolide compound, comprising
selecting an epoxidized estolide having at least one epoxy residue; and
opening the at least one epoxy residue to provide an estolide compound having at least one hydroxy residue.
2. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising acylating the at least one hydroxy residue with at least one acylating agent.
3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the at least one acylating agent is a fatty acid halide.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the epoxidized estolide is prepared by contacting an unsaturated estolide compound having at least one site of unsaturation with an epoxidizing agent.
5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the epoxidizing agent is selected from at least one of a peroxide or a percarboxylic acid.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein opening the at least one epoxy residue comprises contacting the epoxidized estolide with at least one alcohol or at least one fatty acid.
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the estolide compound comprises at least one compound according to Formula VI:
wherein
z is an integer selected from 0 to 15;
p is an integer selected from 0 to 15;
q is an integer selected from 0 to 15;
R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from hydrogen, —C(O)R 1 , and an optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched;
R 1 , independently for each occurrence, is selected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; and
R 2 is selected from a substituent represented by Formula II:
wherein
x is, independently for each occurrence, an integer selected from 0 to 20;
y is, independently for each occurrence, an integer selected from 0 to 20;
n is 0 or greater than 0;
R 3 is selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched;
W 1 , W 2 , W 3 , W 4 , W 5 , W 6 , and W 7 , independently for each occurrence, are selected from —CH 2 — and —CH═CH—; and
Q 1 , Q 2 , and Q 3 , independently for each occurrence, are selected from hydrogen and —CH 3 ,
wherein each fatty acid chain residue of said at least one compound is independently optionally substituted.
8. The method according to claim 7 , wherein R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from hydrogen and —C(O)R 1 .
9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein R 1 , independently for each occurrence, is selected from optionally substituted C 1 to C 18 alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched.
10. The method according to claim 8 , wherein R 1 , independently for each occurrence, is selected from C 5 to C 11 alkyl.
11. The method according to claim 9 , wherein R 1 is saturated and unbranched for each occurrence.
12. The method according to claim 7 , wherein R 5 and R 6 are hydrogen.
13. The method according to claim 7 , wherein R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched.
14. The method according to claim 13 , wherein R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from hydrogen and C 1 -C 10 alkyl.
15. The method according to claim 7 , wherein W 1 , W 2 , W 3 , W 4 , W 5 , W 6 and W 7 for each occurrence are —CH 2 —.
16. The method according to claim 7 , wherein
x is, independently for each occurrence, an integer selected from 0 to 10;
y is, independently for each occurrence, an integer selected from 0 to 10; and
n is an integer selected from 0 to 8,
wherein each fatty acid chain residue is unsubstituted.
17. The method according to claim 16 , wherein x+y is, independently for each fatty acid chain residue, an integer selected from 13 to 15.
18. The method according to claim 17 , wherein x+y is 15 for one or more fatty acid chain residues.
19. The method according to claim 7 , wherein z is an integer selected from 0 to 12.
20. The method according to claim 19 , wherein z is 7.
21. The method according to claim 17 , wherein p is an integer selected from 0 to 6.
22. The method according to claim 21 , wherein p is an integer selected from 1, 2 and 3.
23. The method according to claim 21 , wherein p is 0.
24. The method according to claim 7 , wherein q is an integer selected from 0 to 8.
25. The method according to claim 24 , wherein q is 7.
26. The method according to claim 24 , wherein q is 0.
27. The method according to claim 24 , wherein q is an integer selected from 5 and 6.
28. The method according to claim 24 , wherein q is an integer selected from 2 and 3.
29. The method according to claim 7 , wherein z+p+q is an integer selected from 12 to 20.
30. The method according to claim 29 , wherein z+p+q is 14 or 15.
31. The method according to claim 7 , wherein z+p+q is 7.
32. The method according to claim 7 , wherein R 3 is selected from optionally substituted C 1 to C 20 alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.
33. The method according to claim 32 , wherein R 3 is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decanyl, undecanyl, dodecanyl, tridecanyl, tetradecanyl, pentadecanyl, hexadecanyl, heptadecanyl, octadecanyl, nonadecanyl, and icosanyl, which are saturated or unsaturated and branched or unbranched.
34. The method according to claim 7 , wherein R 3 is hydrogen.
35. The method according to claim 7 , wherein Q 1 is hydrogen.
36. The method according to claim 7 , wherein Q 1 , Q 2 , and Q 3 are hydrogen.
37. The method according to claim 36 , wherein q is 0.