Chitooligosaccharides and methods for use in enhancing corn growth
Disclosed are methods of enhancing growth of corn plants, comprising treating corn seed or the corn plant that germinates from the seed with an effective amount of at least one chitooligosaccharide, wherein upon harvesting the corn plant exhibits at least one of increased plant yield measured in terms of bushels/acre, increased root number, increased root length, increased root mass, increased root volume and increased leaf area, compared to untreated corn plants or corn plants harvested from untreated corn seed.
1. A method of enhancing corn plant growth, comprising treating a corn seed and/or the corn plant that germinates from the corn seed with an effective amount of at least one chitooligosaccharide (CO) represented by the formula:
wherein
R 1 represents hydrogen or methyl;
R 2 represents hydrogen or methyl;
R 3 represents hydrogen, acetyl or carbamoyl;
R 4 represents hydrogen, acetyl or carbamoyl;
R 5 represents hydrogen, acetyl or carbamoyl;
R 6 represents hydrogen, arabinosyl, fucosyl, acetyl, sulfate ester, 3-0-S-2-0-MeFuc, 2-0-MeFuc, or 4-0-AcFuc;
R 7 represents hydrogen, mannosyl or glycerol;
R 8 represents hydrogen, methyl, or —CH 2 OH;
R 9 represents hydrogen, arabinosyl, or fucosyl;
R 10 represents hydrogen, acetyl or fucosyl; and
n represents 0, 1, 2 or 3; and
wherein, upon harvesting, the corn plant exhibits at least one of increased plant yield measured in terms of bushels/acre, increased root number, increased root length, increased root mass, increased root volume and increased leaf area, compared to untreated corn plants and/or corn plants harvested from untreated corn seed.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one CO comprises a CO represented by the formula:
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one CO comprises a CO represented by the structure:
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one CO comprises a CO represented by the formula:
wherein n=1 or 2; R 1 represents hydrogen or methyl; and R 2 represents hydrogen or SO 3 H.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one CO comprises a CO represented by the structure:
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one CO comprises a CO represented by the structure:
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one CO comprises a synthetic CO.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one CO comprises a recombinant CO.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the recombinant CO is at least 60% pure.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the recombinant CO is at least 70% pure.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the recombinant CO is at least 80% pure.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the recombinant CO is at least 90% pure.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one CO is applied to the corn seed prior to planting or at about the time of planting.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the effective amount of the at least one CO is from about 10 −5 to about 10 −14 Molar.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one CO is applied to the corn seed in furrow.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the effective amount of the at least one CO is from 1 μg/acre to about 70 μg/acre.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one CO is applied to the corn plant via foliar treatment.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the effective amount of the at least one CO is from 1 μg/acre to about 30 μg/acre.
19. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying at least one agronomically beneficial agent to the corn seed and/or to the plant that germinates from the corn seed.
20. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying at least one micronutrient to the corn seed and/or to the plant that germinates from the corn seed.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the micronutrient is selected from the group consisting of vitamins and trace minerals.
22. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying a fatty acid or a derivative thereof to the corn seed and/or to the plant that germinates from the corn seed.
23. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying at least one plant signal molecule to the corn seed and/or to the plant that germinates from the corn seed.
24. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying at least one lipo-chitooligosaccharide (LCO) to the corn seed and/or to the plant that germinates from the corn seed.
25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the at least one LCO comprises an LCO represented by the structure:
26. The method of claim 24 , wherein the at least one LCO comprises an LCO represented by the structure:
27. The method of claim 24 , wherein the at least one LCO comprises an LCO represented by the structure:
28. The method of claim 24 , wherein the at least one LCO comprises an LCO represented by the structure:
29. The method of claim 23 , wherein the at least one plant signal molecule comprises a plant signal molecule is selected from the group consisting of chitinous compounds, flavonoids, jasmonic acid and derivatives thereof, linoleic acid and derivatives thereof, linolenic acid and derivatives thereof, and karrikins and derivatives thereof.
30. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying one or more insecticides, herbicides and/or fungicides to the corn seed and/or to the plant that germinates from the corn seed.
31. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying at least one phosphate solubilizing microorganism to the corn seed and/or to the plant that germinates from the corn seed.
32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the at least one phosphate solubilizing microorganism comprises a strain of the fungus Penicillium.
33. The method of claim 32 , wherein the at least one phosphate solubilizing microorganism comprises a strain of P. bilaiae.
34. The method of claim 33 , wherein the strain of P. bilaiae is selected from the group consisting of NRRL 50162, NRRL 50169, ATCC 20851, ATCC 22348, and ATCC 18309.
35. The method of claim 32 , wherein the at least one phosphate solubilizing microorganism comprises a strain of P. gaestrivorus.