Photochromic material

1. A stable photochromic dye, comprising: at least two photo-reactive groups including: a first photo-reactive group configured to undergo a first reversible photochromic reaction in response to radiation having a first wavelength; a second photo-reactive group configured to undergo a second reversible photochromic reaction in response to radiation having a second wavelength;

wherein, the at least two photo-reactive groups are coupled to one another by a non-conjugated linkage selected from the group consisting of C 1-12 alkylene, C 1-12 heteroalkylene, C 1-12 alkoxy, C 1-6 alkylenoxy, C 1-6 alkylenedioxy, C 1-6 phenyleneoxy, and C 1-12 phenylenedioxy;

wherein, the first photo-reactive group and second photo-reactive group are independently at least one structure selected from the group consisting of Formula I and II:

wherein, R 1 to R 15 independently represent hydrogen, a halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-12 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-12 alkoxy, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-12 alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-12 conjugated alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group or the substituents together form an alkylene or alkenylene chain completing an aryl group.

2. The photochromic dye of claim 1 , wherein:

the first photochromic reaction includes modification of a first conjugation system in the first photo-reactive group; and

the second photochromic reaction includes modification of a second conjugation system in the second photo-reactive group.

3. The photochromic dye of claim 1 , wherein the first photo-reactive group and the second photo-reactive group have different respective absorption maxima.

4. The photochromic dye of claim 3 , wherein a difference of absorption maxima between the first photo-reactive group and the second photo-reactive group photochromic is greater than or equal to about 50 nm.

5. A stable photochromic dye, comprising: at least two photo-reactive groups including: a first photo-reactive group including a first conjugation system reversibly formed in response to radiation having a first wavelength, the first conjugation system exhibiting a first conjugation bond length; and a second photo-reactive group including a second conjugation system reversibly formed in response to radiation having a second wavelength, the second conjugation system exhibiting a second conjugation bond length that is longer than the first conjugation bond length;

wherein, the at least two photo-reactive groups are coupled to one another by a non-conjugated linkage selected from the group consisting of C 1-12 alkylene, C 1-12 heteroalkylene, C 1-12 alkoxy, C 1-6 alkylenoxy, C 1-6 alkylenedioxy, C 1-6 phenyleneoxy, and C 1-12 phenylenedioxy;

wherein, the first photo-reactive group and second photo-reactive group are independently at least one structure selected from the group consisting of Formula I and II:

wherein, R 1 to R 15 independently represent hydrogen, a halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-12 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-12 alkoxy, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-12 alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-12 conjugated alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group or the substituents together form an alkylene or alkenylene chain completing an aryl group.

6. The photochromic dye of claim 5 , wherein the first photo-reactive group and the second photo-reactive group exhibit different respective absorption maxima.

7. The photochromic dye of claim 5 , wherein the first photo-reactive group exhibits an absorption maximum of about 250 nm to about 350 nm, and the second photo-reactive group exhibits an absorption maximum of about 400 nm to about 500 nm.

8. A stable photochromic composition, comprising: at least one material selected from the group consisting of a polymer, an oligomer, and a monomer; and at least one photochromic dye incorporated into at least a portion of the at least one material, the at least one photochromic dye having at least two photo-reactive groups that are coupled to one another, wherein the at least one photochromic dye includes: a first photo-reactive group configured to undergo a first reversible photochromic reaction in response to radiation having a first wavelength; and a second photo-reactive group configured to undergo a second reversible photochromic reaction in response to radiation having a second wavelength;

wherein, the at least two photo-reactive groups are coupled to one another by a non-conjugated linkage selected from the group consisting of C 1-12 alkylene, C 1-12 heteroalkylene, C 1-12 alkoxy, C 1-6 alkylenoxy, C 1-6 alkylenedioxy, C 1-6 phenyleneoxy, and C 1-12 phenylenedioxy;

wherein, the first photo-reactive group and second photo-reactive group are independently at least one structure selected from the group consisting of Formula I and II:

wherein, R 1 to R 15 independently represent hydrogen, a halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-12 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-12 alkoxy, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-12 alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-12 conjugated alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group or the substituents together form an alkylene or alkenylene chain completing an aryl group.

9. The photochromic composition of claim 8 , wherein the at least one material includes at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyalkylmethacrylates, polyoxy(alkylene methacrylates), poly(alkoxylated phenol methacrylates), cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidene chloride), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly((meth)acrylamide), poly(dimethyl acrylamide), poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly((meth)acrylic acid), thermoplastic polycarbonates, polyesters, polyurethanes, polythiourethanes, poly(ethylene terephthalate), polystyrene, poly(alpha methylstyrene), copoly(styrene-methylmethacrylate), copoly(styrene-acrylonitrile), polyvinylbutyral, and polymers of members of the group consisting of polyol(allyl carbonate)monomers, mono-functional acrylate monomers, mono-functional methacrylate monomers, polyfunctional acrylate monomers, polyfunctional methacrylate monomers, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate monomers, diisopropenyl benzene monomers, alkoxylated polyhydric alcohol monomers, and diallylidene pentaerythritol monomers.

10. The photochromic composition of claim 8 , wherein the at least one material includes at least a second material having a glass transition temperature less than about 0° C.

11. The photochromic composition of claim 10 , wherein the at least one photochromic dye is coupled to the second material.

12. The photochromic composition of claim 8 , wherein the at least one material includes at least one polysiloxane or at least one polyacrylate having a glass transition temperature less than about 0° C.