Methods for biofuel production
The invention relates generally to methods for the production of biofuels from organic matter, the methods comprising treating the organic matter with an aqueous solvent and at least one additional catalyst under conditions of heat and pressure. The invention also relates to biofuel products obtainable by the methods.
1. A method for producing a biofuel, the method comprising:
treating organic matter selected from the group consisting of lignocellulosic matter, coal, oil shale, peat, and coke, with an aqueous solvent and at least one additional catalyst selected from the group consisting of: an alkali metal formate catalyst; an alkali metal carbonate catalyst; a transition metal catalyst; a transition metal salt catalyst; a transition metal formate catalyst; an alkali metal salt catalyst; an alkaline earth metal salt catalyst; an acid catalyst; a solid acid catalyst; a water-gas-shift catalyst; a zeolite or aluminosilicate catalyst; a supported transition metal catalyst; a sulphide catalyst; and a base catalyst that is an alkali metal salt or a transition metal salt; at a temperature of between 275° C. and about 375° C., and a pressure of between about 150 bar and about 275 bar, wherein the organic matter and aqueous solvent is provided in the form of a slurry, and said treating is under conditions of continuous flow with a minimum volume-independent flow velocity of the slurry greater than the settling velocity of solid matter within the slurry; and
cooling and depressurisation of the slurry,
wherein:
the organic matter is not separated prior to said treating,
and the at least one additional catalyst is added to the organic matter after heating to said temperature and after pressurising to said pressure.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said additional transition metal salt catalyst, alkali metal salt catalyst, alkali earth metal salt catalyst, or base catalyst is an oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, or sulfide.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said additional base catalyst is an alkali metal hydroxide catalyst or a transition metal hydroxide catalyst.
4. The method according to claim 2 , wherein said additional base catalyst is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said alkali metal carbonate catalyst is sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said additional catalyst is a transition metal.
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said alkali metal formate catalyst is sodium formate or potassium formate.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said additional catalyst is iron metal, an iron oxide or an iron sulfide.
9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said organic matter is fossilised organic matter having a carbon content of at least 50% and said aqueous solvent is water.
10. The method according to claim 9 , wherein said temperature is between about 320° C. and about 360° C., and said pressure is between about 200 bar and about 250 bar.
11. The method according to claim 9 , wherein said fossilised organic matter is lignite, said temperature is between about 340° C. and about 360° C., and said pressure is between about 200 bar and about 240 bar.
12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said biofuel comprises one or more of an oil component, a char component and a gaseous component comprising methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said organic matter is lignocellulosic matter, and said aqueous solvent comprises alcohol.
14. The method according to claim 13 , wherein said lignocellulosic matter comprises more than about 10% of each of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose.
15. The method according to claim 13 , wherein said temperature is between about 270° C. and about 360° C., said pressure is between about 170 bar and about 250 bar, and said solvent comprises between about 5% and 40% alcohol by weight.
16. The method according to claim 13 , wherein said temperature is between about 300° C. and about 340° C., said pressure is between about 200 bar and about 240 bar, and said solvent comprises between about 10% and about 30% alcohol by weight.
17. The method according to claim 13 , wherein said alcohol is ethanol.
18. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said method comprises the step of heating the organic matter and aqueous solvent to said temperature in a time period of less than about 2 minutes prior to said treating.
19. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said method comprises the steps of:
(i) cooling the organic matter to a temperature of between about 160° C. and about 200° C. in a time period of less than about 30 seconds after said treating; and
(ii) depressurisation and cooling the organic matter to ambient temperature by release through a pressure let down device.
20. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said biofuel comprises an oil component having a gross calorific value of more than 35 MJ/kg greater than about 8% weight dry basis (wt db) hydrogen and less than about 10% wt db oxygen.
21. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said organic matter is fossilised organic matter having a carbon content of at least 60%, and said aqueous solvent is water.