Optical waveguide attenuator for a polarized light source
An optical apparatus comprises: a waveguide substrate, optical cladding formed on the substrate; a waveguide core formed within the cladding, an optically absorptive layer formed within the cladding, and a linearly polarized light source. The waveguide core includes an attenuating segment thereof, and the absorptive layer is formed near the attenuating segment of the core. The core and cladding are arranged to form an optical waveguide that supports a propagating optical mode. The absorptive layer is positioned near the attenuating segment of the core so as to spatially overlap a portion of the optical mode. The extent of the overlap results in a designed level of optical loss per unit distance of propagation of a linearly polarized optical signal along the attenuating segment of the optical core in the optical mode without substantial alteration of the polarization state of the optical signal.
1. An optical apparatus comprising:
a waveguide substrate;
optical cladding formed on the substrate;
a waveguide core formed within the cladding, which waveguide core includes an attenuating segment thereof;
an optically absorptive layer formed on or within the cladding near the attenuating segment of the core; and
a light source,
wherein:
the core and cladding are arranged to form an optical waveguide that supports optical propagation in one or more optical modes;
the light source is arranged to launch an optical signal to propagate in a given one of the optical modes in a known linear polarization state;
the absorptive layer comprises a discrete, substantially continuous metal layer distinct from the core and the cladding;
the absorptive layer is positioned near the attenuating segment of the core so as to spatially overlap a portion of the given optical mode to an extent so that the optical waveguide exhibits a designed level of optical loss per unit distance of propagation of the optical signal along the attenuating segment of the optical core in the given optical mode and in the known linear polarization state; and
the optical waveguide and the absorptive layer are arranged so as to substantially avoid alteration of the linear polarization state of the optical signal as the optical signal propagates along the attenuating segment of the optical core.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each end of the absorptive layer comprises a single substantially straight edge oriented at a non-normal angle with respect to an optical axis of the optical waveguide.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the edges are substantially parallel to one another.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the edges are oriented at an angle displaced between about 30° and about 60° from normal incidence.
5. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein back-reflection along the waveguide from the absorptive layer is less than about 10 −5 .
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each end of the absorptive layer comprises a pair of substantially straight edges oriented at a non-normal angle with respect to an optical axis of the optical waveguide.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein each pair of edges forms a concave, V-shaped end of the absorptive layer.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the edges are oriented at an angle displaced between about 30° and about 60° from normal incidence.
9. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein back-reflection from the absorptive layer along the waveguide is less than about 10 −6 .
10. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein each pair of edges forms a convex, V-shaped end of the absorptive layer.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the light source is positioned on the waveguide substrate or on one or more of the waveguide layers.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the known linear polarization state is polarized with an electric field substantially parallel to the waveguide substrate.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the core comprises silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride and the cladding comprises silica or doped silica.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the metal layer is greater than about 50 nm thick.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the metal layer comprises a refractory metal, a near-refractory metal, or an alloy thereof.
16. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the metal layer comprises chromium, titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, or an alloy thereof.
17. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the absorptive layer is positioned on or within the cladding vertically displaced above or below the core.
18. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein spacing between the core and the absorptive layer is greater than about 0.2 times, greater than about 0.4 times, less than about 2 times, or less than about 5 times a vertical size (FWHM) of the optical mode.
19. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein spacing between the core and the absorptive layer is greater than about 0.3 μm, greater than about 0.5 μm, less than about 1 μm, or less than about 2 μm.
20. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein:
the core comprises silicon nitride or oxynitride between about 1 and about 3 μm wide and between about 50 and about 200 nm thick;
the cladding comprises silica or doped silica;
the metal layer is greater than about 50 nm thick;
the metal layer comprises chromium, titanium, tungsten, or alloys thereof;
the absorptive layer is positioned within the cladding vertically displaced above or below the core;
spacing between the core and the absorptive layer is between about 0.3 μm and about 1 μm; and
the attenuating segment is between about 10 μm and about 300 μm long.
21. A method comprising:
forming optical cladding on a waveguide substrate;
forming a waveguide core within the cladding, which waveguide core includes an attenuating segment thereof;
forming an optically absorptive layer on or within the cladding near the attenuating segment of the core; and
arranging a light source to launch an optical signal to propagate in a given one of the optical modes in a known linear polarization state,
wherein:
the core and cladding are arranged to form an optical waveguide that supports optical propagation in one or more optical modes;
the absorptive layer comprises a discrete, substantially continuous metal layer distinct from the core and the cladding;
the absorptive layer is positioned near the attenuating segment of the core so as to spatially overlap a portion of the given optical mode to an extent so that the optical waveguide exhibits a designed level of optical loss per unit distance of propagation of the optical signal along the attenuating segment of the optical core in the given optical mode and in the known linear polarization state; and
the optical waveguide and the absorptive layer are arranged so as to substantially avoid alteration of the linear polarization state of the optical signal as the optical signal propagates along the attenuating segment of the optical core.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein each end of the absorptive layer comprises a single substantially straight edge oriented at a non-normal angle with respect to an optical axis of the optical waveguide.
23. The method of claim 22 wherein the edges are substantially parallel to one another.
24. The method of claim 23 wherein back-reflection along the waveguide from the absorptive layer is less than about 10 −5 .
25. The method of claim 21 wherein each end of the absorptive layer comprises a pair of substantially straight edges oriented at a non-normal angle with respect to an optical axis of the optical waveguide.
26. The method of claim 25 wherein each pair of edges forms a concave, V-shaped end of the absorptive layer.
27. The method of claim 26 wherein back-reflection from the absorptive layer along the waveguide is less than about 10 −6 .
28. The method of claim 25 wherein each pair of edges forms a convex, V-shaped end of the absorptive layer.
29. A method comprising:
launching an optical signal from a light source to propagate in a known linear polarization state in an optical mode supported by an optical waveguide on a waveguide substrate; and
attenuating the optical signal by propagating the optical signal in the known linear polarization state past an attenuating segment of the optical waveguide,
wherein:
the optical waveguide comprises optical cladding formed on the waveguide substrate, a waveguide core formed within the cladding, which waveguide core includes an attenuating segment thereof, and an optically absorptive layer formed on or within the cladding near the attenuating segment of the core;
the absorptive layer comprises a discrete, substantially continuous metal layer distinct from the core and the cladding;
the absorptive layer is positioned near the attenuating segment of the core so as to spatially overlap a portion of the optical mode to an extent so that the optical waveguide exhibits a designed level of optical loss per unit distance of propagation of the optical signal along the attenuating segment of the optical core in the optical mode and in the known linear polarization state; and
the optical waveguide and the absorptive layer are arranged so as to substantially avoid alteration of the linear polarization state of the optical signal as the optical signal propagates along the attenuating segment of the optical core.
30. The method of claim 29 wherein each end of the absorptive layer comprises a single substantially straight edge oriented at a non-normal angle with respect to an optical axis of the optical waveguide.
31. The method of claim 30 wherein the edges are substantially parallel to one another.
32. The method of claim 31 wherein back-reflection along the waveguide from the absorptive layer is less than about 10 −5 .
33. The method of claim 29 wherein each end of the absorptive layer comprises a pair of substantially straight edges oriented at a non-normal angle with respect to an optical axis of the optical waveguide.
34. The method of claim 33 wherein each pair of edges forms a concave, V-shaped end of the absorptive layer.
35. The method of claim 34 wherein back-reflection from the absorptive layer along the waveguide is less than about 10 −6 .
36. The method of claim 33 wherein each pair of edges forms a convex, V-shaped end of the absorptive layer.