Solid base catalyst and method for making and using the same
A solid base catalyst having a carrier, an organic base, and an inorganic base. Both of the organic base and inorganic base are loaded on the carrier. The solid base catalyst is especially suitable for the synthesis of 4-Aminodiphenylamine (4-ADPA).
1. A solid base catalyst comprising
an organic base,
an inorganic base; and
a carrier,
wherein the organic base is polymerized with the carrier, and the inorganic base is physically adsorbed in the carrier to regenerate the organic base in situ; and
the carrier is a macroporous strong basic anion-exchange styrene resin that is D201 or its equivalent Amberlite IRA900 resin having a matrix structure of a copolymerized styrene—DVB gel resin, a functional group of —N + (CH 3 ) 3 , an appearance of milky white opaque spherical particles, being shipped in a Cl-ionic form, having a strong group of capacity of equal to or more than 3.7 mmol/g when dry in the Cl-ionic form, a total exchange capacity in volume of equal to or more than 1.15 mmol/mL in the Cl-ionic form, a moisture holding capacity of 50-60% in the Cl-ionic form, a specific gravity of 1.06 g/mL to 1.10 g/mL in the Cl-ionic form, a shipping weight of 0.65 g/mL to 0.73 g/mL in the Cl-ionic form, a harmonic mean size of 0.40 mm to 0.70 mm, a particle size of 0.315 mm to 1.25 mm for equal to or more than 95% of the particles and less than 0.315 mm for less than 1% of the particles, a uniformity coefficient of equal to or less than 1.6, an osmotic-attrited of equal to or more than 90%, and a maximum reversible swelling of Cl—OH— at 25%.
2. The solid base catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the organic base is methylamine, ethylamine, cyclohexylamine, aniline, phenyl diamine, dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, trimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, tetramethyl ammonium chloride, tetramethyl ammonium bromide, tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide, tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide, tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide, tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide, tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide, benzyl trimethyl ammonium hydroxide, benzyl triethyl ammonium hydroxide, 4-dimethylamino pyridine, crown ether, or a mixture thereof.
3. The solid base catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the organic base is tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide or tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide.
4. The solid base catalyst of claim 1 wherein the inorganic base is potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide, or a mixture thereof.
5. The solid base catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic base is potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.
6. The solid base catalyst of claim 1 , wherein an amount of the organic base that is loaded on the carrier is 1 to 20% weight percentage of the catalyst.
7. The solid catalyst of claim 1 , wherein an amount of the inorganic base that is adsorbed on the carrier is 0.5 to 25% weight percentage of the catalyst.
8. A method for producing the solid base catalyst of claim 1 , comprising
polymerizing the organic base with the carrier to produce a organic base-bound carrier, and
reacting the organic base-bound carrier with an aqueous solution of the inorganic base to produce the solid base catalyst.
9. A method for using the solid base catalyst of claim 1 , comprising
condensing aniline and nitrobenzene in presence of the solid base catalyst to produce 4-nitrosodiphenylamine and 4-nitrodiphenylamine, and
hydrogenating the 4-nitrosodiphenylamine and 4-nitrodiphenylamine to produce 4-aminodiphenylamine.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the solid base catalyst is regenerated in situ.
11. The method of claim 9 , further comprising
reductively alkylating the 4-aminodiphenylamine with a suitable ketone or aldehyde in presence of hydrogen and a hydrogenation catalyst to make alkylated derivatives of 4-aminodiphenylamine.