METHOD TO REDUCE GHG EMISSIONS OF FUEL PRODUCTION
The present invention provides a method for reducing life cycle GHG emissions associated with production of a liquid fuel or fuel intermediate. The method comprises: fermenting sugar to produce biogenic carbon dioxide and the liquid fuel or fuel intermediate; collecting an amount of biogenic carbon dioxide generated from the fermentation; and supplying the biogenic carbon dioxide for use in one or more enhanced oil or gas recovery sites for displacement of geologic carbon dioxide. Further provided is a method comprising receiving an amount of carbon dioxide from an apparatus for delivering carbon dioxide to one or more enhanced oil or gas recovery sites so as to displace the use of geologic carbon dioxide at the site. The carbon dioxide received has the GHG emission attributes of the biogenic carbon dioxide introduced to the apparatus.
1 . A method for reducing life cycle GHG emissions associated with production of a liquid fuel or fuel intermediate comprising:
(i) producing sugar from plant derived organic material;
(ii) fermenting the sugar to produce biogenic carbon dioxide and the liquid fuel or fuel intermediate;
(iii) collecting an amount of biogenic carbon dioxide generated from the step of fermenting; and
(iv) supplying the biogenic carbon dioxide from step (iii) for use in one or more enhanced oil recovery sites or in one or more enhanced gas recovery sites for displacement of geologic carbon dioxide,
wherein the life cycle GHG emissions associated with the production or use of the liquid fuel or fuel intermediate are reduced by at least 1.5 g CO 2 eq/MJ relative to a production process baseline as a result of displacement of geologic carbon dioxide.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the displacement results from taking out of use a first amount of geologic carbon dioxide at the one or more enhanced oil recovery sites or the one or more enhanced gas recovery sites and supplying an amount of biogenic carbon dioxide at the one or more enhanced oil recovery sites or enhanced gas recovery sites to substitute the first amount of geologic carbon dioxide.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the life cycle GHG emissions of the fuel or fuel intermediate, relative to a gasoline baseline, are reduced by at least 50% of said baseline.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the life cycle GHG emissions associated with the production or use of the liquid fuel or fuel intermediate are reduced by between about 2 g CO 2 eq/MJ and about 35 g CO 2 eq/MJ relative to a production process baseline.
5 . A method to reduce the life cycle GHG emissions associated with a process that transforms plant derived organic material into a liquid fuel or a fuel intermediate, said method comprising:
(i) producing sugar from the plant derived organic material;
(ii) fermenting the sugar to produce a liquid fuel or fuel intermediate and biogenic carbon dioxide;
(iii) collecting an amount of the biogenic carbon dioxide generated from the step of fermenting; and
(iv) reducing the life cycle GHG emissions associated with said process, said reducing being achieved at least in part by a displacement of geologic carbon dioxide with the biogenic carbon dioxide from step (ii), said displacement resulting from:
(a) introducing the biogenic carbon dioxide into an apparatus for transporting carbon dioxide to one or more enhanced oil or gas recovery sites that used or are using geologic carbon dioxide;
(b) supplying the biogenic carbon dioxide for use in one or more enhanced oil or gas recovery sites that used or are using geologic carbon dioxide; or
(c) both (a) and (b).
wherein the life cycle GHG emission reductions are reduced by at least 1.5 g CO 2 eq/MJ of fuel used relative to a production process baseline as a result of the displacement of geologic carbon dioxide.
6 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the life cycle GHG emissions associated with the production of the liquid fuel or fuel intermediate are reduced by between about 2 g CO 2 eq/MJ and about 35 g CO 2 eq/MJ relative to a production process baseline as a result of the displacement of geologic carbon dioxide.
7 . A method for producing a liquid fuel comprising the steps of blending with gasoline the liquid fuel or fuel intermediate having reduced life cycle GHG emissions according to claim 1 .
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid fuel or fuel intermediate is an alcohol.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein prior to step (iv), the biogenic carbon dioxide is compressed and purified.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the plant derived organic material is starch.
11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the plant derived organic material is derived from corn, wheat, barley, rye, sorghum, rice, potato, sugar beet or sugar cane.
12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the plant derived organic material is derived from wheat, barley, rye, sorghum, rice, potato, sugar beet or sugar cane.
13 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid fuel or fuel intermediate is ethanol, propanol, butanol, or isobutanol.
14 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid fuel or fuel intermediate is not ethanol that is derived from corn starch.
15 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid fuel or fuel intermediate is ethanol derived from sorghum or wheat.
16 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid fuel or fuel intermediate is butanol or isobutanol from corn starch.
17 . The method of claim 1 , wherein a renewable identification number is associated with a volume of the liquid fuel or fuel intermediate, said renewable identification number having a D code value of 3 or 5.
18 . The method of claim 1 , wherein a renewable fuel credit is associated with a volume of the liquid fuel or fuel intermediate.
19 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the life cycle GHG emissions associated with the alcohol are less than 50% measured relative to a gasoline baseline.
20 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the biogenic carbon dioxide is supplied for use in an enhanced oil recovery site.
21 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the enhanced oil recovery site employs hydraulic fracturing to recover oil.
22 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the biogenic carbon dioxide is supplied for use in an enhanced gas recovery site.
23 . The method of claim 22 , wherein the enhanced gas recovery site employs hydraulic fracturing to recover natural gas.
24 . A method for reducing life cycle GHG emissions associated with production of a liquid fuel or fuel intermediate comprising:
(i) producing sugar from plant derived organic material;
(ii) fermenting the sugar to produce biogenic carbon dioxide and the liquid fuel or fuel intermediate;
(iii) collecting an amount of biogenic carbon dioxide generated from the step of fermenting;
(iv) supplying the biogenic carbon dioxide from step (iii) to one or more enhanced oil recovery sites, and causing displacement of geologic carbon dioxide;
wherein the life cycle GHG emissions associated with the production of the liquid fuel or fuel intermediate are reduced by at least 1.5 g CO 2 eq/MJ relative to a production process baseline as a result of the displacement; and
(v) recovering the liquid fuel or fuel intermediate produced by the step of fermenting.
25 . A method comprising
(i) receiving carbon dioxide at an enhanced oil or gas recovery site, said carbon dioxide being withdrawn from an apparatus into which carbon dioxide produced by claim 1 is fed; and
(ii) using the withdrawn carbon dioxide to displace geologic carbon dioxide at the site.
26 . The method of claim 25 , wherein a third party supplies the carbon dioxide received at the enhanced oil or gas recovery site.
27 . A method comprising:
(a) receiving carbon dioxide at an enhanced oil or gas recovery site, said carbon dioxide being withdrawn from an apparatus into which biogenic carbon dioxide derived from a liquid fuel fermentation of organic material has been fed, and wherein the received carbon dioxide has the GHG emission attributes of the biogenic carbon dioxide derived from the liquid fuel fermentation; and
(b) using the received carbon dioxide to displace geologic carbon dioxide.
28 . The method of claim 27 , further comprising causing a third party to feed the carbon dioxide derived from the liquid fuel fermentation to said apparatus.
29 . The method of claim 27 , wherein the GHG emission attributes of the withdrawn carbon dioxide are set out in written documentation.
30 . The method of claim 29 , wherein the written documentation comprises data relating to a life cycle GHG emission analysis, which life cycle GHG emission analysis includes a GHG emission savings resulting from the displacement of geologic carbon dioxide and wherein the written documentation is in computer readable format.