Detoxification of biomass derived acetate via metabolic conversion to ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, or ethyl acetate
One aspect of the invention relates to a genetically modified thermophilic or mesophilic microorganism, wherein a first native gene is partially, substantially, or completely deleted, silenced, inactivated, or down-regulated, which first native gene encodes a first native enzyme involved in the metabolic production of an organic acid or a salt thereof, thereby increasing the native ability of said thermophilic or mesophilic microorganism to produce lactate or acetate as a fermentation product. In certain embodiments, the aforementioned microorganism further comprises a first non-native gene, which first non-native gene encodes a first non-native enzyme involved in the metabolic production of lactate or acetate. Another aspect of the invention relates to a process for converting lignocellulosic biomass to lactate or acetate, comprising contacting lignocellulosic biomass with a genetically modified thermophilic or mesophilic microorganism.
1. A recombinant yeast comprising one or more native and one or more heterologous enzymes that function in one or more engineered metabolic pathways to convert acetate to ethanol, wherein said one or more native and/or heterologous enzymes is activated, upregulated or downregulated,
wherein at least one of said one or more native enzymes is a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) that is downregulated and encoded by a gpd1 polynucleotide, a gpd2 polynucleotide, or both a gpd1 and a gpd2 polynucleotide, and
wherein at least one of said one or more heterologous enzymes is a bifunctional acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase.
2. The recombinant yeast of claim 1 , wherein one of said engineered metabolic pathways comprises the following steps: (a) conversion of acetate to acetyl-CoA and (b) conversion of acetyl-CoA to ethanol.
3. The recombinant yeast of claim 1 , wherein said microorganism is selected from the group consisting of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Pichia pastoris, Yarrowia lipolytica, Hansenula polymorpha, Phaffia rhodozyma, Candida utliis, Arxula adeninivorans, Pichia stipitis, Debaryomyces hansenii, Debaryomyces polymorphus, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Candida albicans , and Schwanniomyces occidentalis.
4. The recombinant yeast of claim 2 , wherein said acetate is converted to acetyl-CoA by an acetyl-CoA transferase.
5. The recombinant yeast of claim 2 , wherein said acetate is converted to acetyl-P by an acetate kinase; and wherein said acetyl-P is converted to acetyl-CoA by a phosphotransacetylase.
6. The recombinant yeast of claim 4 , wherein said acetyl-CoA is converted to acetaldehyde by an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase; and wherein said acetaldehyde is converted to ethanol by an alcohol dehydrogenase.
7. The recombinant yeast of claim 4 , wherein said acetyl-CoA is converted to ethanol by the bifunctional acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase.
8. A process for converting biomass to ethanol comprising contacting biomass with a recombinant yeast according to claim 1 .
9. The recombinant yeast of claim 1 , wherein the gpd1 polynucleotide is operably linked to a native gpd2 promoter polynucleotide or the gpd2 polynucleotide is operably linked to a native gpd1 promoter polynucleotide.
10. The recombinant yeast of claim 7 , wherein said bifunctional acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase is from E. coli, C. acetobutylicum, T saccharolyticum, C. thermocellum, C. phytofermentans, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Piromyces SP E2, or Bifidobacterium adolescentis.
11. The recombinant yeast of claim 10 , wherein said bifunctional acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase is selected from SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO:52, SEQ ID NO: 54, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 58, SEQ ID NO: 62, SEQ ID NO: 64, SEQ ID NO: 66.
12. The recombinant yeast of claim 1 , further comprising a mutation in a hydrogenase.
13. A fermentation medium comprising one or more recombinant yeasts according to claim 1 .
14. The recombinant yeast of claim 4 , wherein said acetyl-CoA transferase is encoded by an acetylCoA synthetase 1 (ACS1) polynucleotide.
15. The recombinant yeast of claim 4 , wherein said acetyl-CoA transferase is encoded by a polynucleotide increasing expression of acetylCoA synthetase 2 (ACS2) enzymes.
16. The recombinant yeast of claim 7 , wherein said bifunctional acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase is Piromyces SP E2.