Electrochemical compression system

1. An electrochemical compressor through which a working fluid flows, the electrochemical compressor comprising:

an external electrical energy source; and

one or more electrochemical cells, each electrochemical cell comprising:

an anode connected to the electrical energy source;

a cathode connected to the electrical energy source;

an ion exchange membrane disposed between and in electrical contact with the cathode and the anode to pass an electrochemically motive material of the working fluid from the anode to the cathode, the ion exchange membrane comprising polar ionic groups attached to nonpolar chains; and

a non-aqueous solvent comprising polar molecules, the polar molecules of the non-aqueous solvent being associated with and electrostatically attracted to the polar ionic groups of the ion exchange membrane

wherein the working fluid comprises ammonia and hydrogen.

2. The compressor of claim 1 , wherein the polar ionic groups attached to the nonpolar chains constitute an ionomer.

3. The compressor of claim 2 , wherein the ionomer comprises elastic channels that pass between polar ionic groups.

4. The compressor of claim 3 , wherein the elastic channels are expanded by the nonaqueous solvent molecules to a size that ranges between about 200 nm to about 400 nm.

5. The compressor of claim 2 , wherein the ionomer comprises sulfonated perfluorinated polymer or sulfonated polymer.

6. The compressor of claim 1 , wherein the polar ionic groups attached to nonpolar chains are a part of an ionomer that is mechanically reinforced with a non-ionic fibrous medium.

7. The compressor of claim 1 , wherein the working fluid includes an electrochemically active component.

8. The compressor of claim 1 , wherein the working fluid includes a condensable refrigerant that can be made into the electrochemically motive refrigerant.

9. An electrochemical compressor through which a working fluid flows, the electrochemical compressor comprising:

an external electrical energy source; and

one or more electrochemical cells, each electrochemical cell comprising:

an anode connected to the electrical energy source;

a cathode connected to the electrical energy source;

an ion exchange membrane disposed between and in electrical contact with the cathode and the anode to pass an electrochemically motive material of the working fluid from the anode to the cathode, the ion exchange membrane comprising polar ionic groups attached to nonpolar chains; and

a non-aqueous solvent comprising polar molecules, the polar molecules of the non-aqueous solvent being associated with and electrostatically attracted to the polar ionic groups of the ion exchange membrane

wherein the solvent comprise one or more of di ether glycol, dimethyl ether, and diethyl ether.

10. The compressor of claim 1 , wherein the ion exchange membrane includes a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octene-sulfonic acid.

11. The compressor of claim 1 , wherein the anode and cathode are gas diffusion electrodes.

12. A method of preparing an electrochemical compressor for use in an electrochemical compression system in which a working fluid flows, the method comprising:

solvating a non-aqueous solvent comprising polar molecules with an ion exchange membrane by associating the polar molecules of the non-aqueous solvent with polar ionic groups attached to nonpolar chains of the ion exchange membrane so that the non-aqueous solvent is electrostatically attracted to the polar ionic groups of the ion exchange membrane;

electrically connecting an anode and a cathode to an electrical energy source;

disposing the solvated ion exchange membrane between the anode and the cathode; and

applying an electric potential gradient across the ion exchange membrane through the anode and cathode to thereby enable an electrochemically motive material formed from the working fluid to pass from the anode to the cathode through the ion exchange membrane

wherein solvating the non-aqueous solvent with the ion exchange membrane comprises swelling openings that are formed between the polar ionic groups

wherein swelling the openings comprises expanding the openings to a size that enables the free transport of the electrochemically motive material formed from the working fluid through the ion exchange membrane;

wherein the working fluid comprises hydrogen and a condensable refrigerant and the electrochemically motive material formed from the working fluid includes positively charged cations of the refrigerant;

wherein the positively charged cations of the refrigerant are ammonium ions and the working fluid comprises ammonia and hydrogen.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein solvating the non-aqueous solvent with the ion exchange membrane comprises forming a shell of the solvent at the polar ionic groups of the ion exchange membrane.

14. A method of electrochemical compression comprising:

receiving a working fluid at a first pressure, the working fluid comprising molecules of a condensable refrigerant and molecules of hydrogen;

oxidizing the molecular hydrogen into hydrogen ions and electrons;

protonating the condensable refrigerant with the hydrogen ions to form positively charged cations of the refrigerant at an anode electrically contacting a first side of an ion exchange membrane;

migrating the positively charged cations of the refrigerant across and through the ion exchange membrane toward a second side of the ion exchange membrane by applying an electric potential gradient across the ion exchange membrane;

de-protonating the hydrogen ions from the positively charged cations of the refrigerant at a cathode electrically contacting the second side of the ion exchange membrane to form the molecules of the condensable refrigerant;

reducing the hydrogen ions with electrons into hydrogen; and

outputting the working fluid of the molecules of a condensable refrigerant and the molecules of hydrogen at a second pressure that is higher than the first pressure

wherein the molecules of the condensable refrigerant are ammonia and the positively charged cations of the refrigerant are ammonium.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein migrating the positively charged cations of the refrigerant across and through the ion exchange membrane comprises enabling the positively charged cations of the refrigerant to associate and disassociate with a non-aqueous polar solvent within channels formed in the ion exchange membrane.