Solar fuel generator
The disclosure provides conductive membranes for water splitting and solar fuel generation. The membranes comprise an embedded semiconductive/photoactive material and an oxygen or hydrogen evolution catalyst. Also provided are chassis and cassettes containing the membranes for use in fuel generation.
1. A membrane comprising
a first surface and a second surface, the membrane comprising:
a polymer mesh coated with a conducting ionomeric polymer material, having a plurality of photoactive structures;
wherein the conducting ionomeric polymer material is adhered to the polymer mesh substrate to form the membrane,
wherein the plurality of photoactive structures are embedded in the membrane,
and wherein all or a subset of the structures embedded in the membrane extend entirely through the membrane.
2. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein a portion of the membrane is sufficiently free of embedded photoactive structures; wherein this sufficiently free portion of the membrane allows for cation or anion conduction.
3. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the polymer mesh is comprised of polyethylene, polypropylene, and/or nylon based materials.
4. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the polymer mesh has a pore size of at least 100 μm.
5. The membrane of claim 1 , where the ionomeric polymer material is a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer.
6. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the photoactive structures are comprised of a photoanodic based material.
7. The membrane of claim 6 , wherein the photoanodic based material is selected from TiO 2 , SrTiO 3 , and/or chemically reduced SrTiO 3 .
8. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein a first surface of the membrane comprising photoactive structures is coated with one or more hydrogen reduction catalysts.
9. The membrane of claim 8 , wherein the hydrogen reduction catalyst includes catalytically active materials comprising one or more transition metals.
10. A chassis comprising the membrane of claim 1 in fluid contact with water on the first surface of the membrane, and the second surface of the membrane with a hydrophobic liquid-tight gas permeable film.