Asphaltene based photovoltaic devices

1. A photovoltaic device comprising:

a first electrically conductive layer;

at least one photoelectrochemical layer comprising metal-oxide particles, an electrolyte solution and an asphaltene dye, wherein the metal-oxide particles comprise a photocatalytic material optionally dispersed in a surfactant; and

a second electrically conductive layer comprising a counter-electrode, wherein the second electrically conductive layer comprises one or more conductive elements comprising carbon, graphite, soot, carbon allotropes or any combinations thereof.

2. A photovoltaic cell comprising:

a first electrically conductive layer;

at least one semiconductor layer comprising asphaltene-sensitized titanium dioxide particles in an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte comprises iodide salt and iodine; and

a second electrically conductive layer comprising one or more conductive elements, wherein the one or more conductive elements comprise carbon, graphite, soot, carbon allotropes or any combinations thereof.

3. The photovoltaic cell of claim 2 , further comprising a sulfide selected from a group comprising CoMoS 2 , CdS, Cu 2 S, NiMoS 2 , FeMoS 2 copper indium gallium diselenide, and indium gallium sulfide, a sulfide of Co, a sulfide of Ni, a sulfide of Fe, a sulfide of Cu and other transition metal sulfides.

4. The photovoltaic cell of claim 2 , wherein the first, second or both electrically conductive layers are flexible metal or platinum coated indium-tin oxide glass.

5. A photovoltaic device comprising:

a first electrically conductive layer;

at least one photoelectrochemical layer comprising metal-oxide particles, and an electron donor substance for photon-to-current conversion, wherein the electron donor substance comprises an asphaltene dye; and

a second electrically conductive counter-electrode layer comprising one or more conductive elements; wherein the one or more conductive elements comprise carbon, graphite, soot, carbon allotropes or any combinations thereof.

6. The device of claim 5 , wherein the metal-oxide particles comprise titanium dioxide or other photocatalytic metal oxide particles optionally dispersed in a surfactant.

7. The device of claim 5 , wherein the electron donor substance further comprises metal sulfides, ruthenium dye complexes, rhodium dye complexes, metal free dyes or any combinations thereof.

8. The device of claim 5 , wherein the first, second or both electrically conductive layers comprises platinum coated indium-tin oxide glass.

9. A method of making a photovoltaic device comprising:

depositing at least one photoelectrochemical layer comprising metal-oxide particles, an electrolyte solution, and an asphaltene dye or a mixture of an asphaltene dye and a sulfide, on a first electrically conductive layer; and

depositing a semiconductor layer on a second electrically conductive layer, wherein the semiconductor layer comprises carbon, graphite, soot, carbon allotropes or any combinations thereof, wherein the second electrically conductive layer comprises a counter-electrode.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the metal-oxide particles comprise titanium dioxide or other photocatalytic metal oxide particles optionally dispersed in a surfactant.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the sulfide is selected from a group comprising CoMoS 2 , CdS, Cu 2 S, NiMoS 2 , FeMoS 2 , copper indium gallium diselenide, indium-gallium sulfide, a sulfide of Co, a sulfide of Ni, a sulfide of Fe, a sulfide of Cu and other transition metal sulfides.

12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the first, second or both electrically conductive layers are flexible metal or platinum coated indium-tin oxide glass.

13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the electrolyte solution comprises iodide salt and iodine.

14. The method of claim 9 , further comprising the steps of forming a roadway comprising the photovoltaic device by:

depositing the first electrically conductive layer on a road bed;

depositing the at least one photoelectrochemical layer, comprising the metal-oxide particles, the electrolyte solution, and the asphaltene dye or a mixture of the asphaltene dye and the sulfide, wherein the sulfide is CoMoS 2 , on the first electrically conductive layer; and

at least partially coating the photoelectrochemical layer with the second electrically conductive layer.

15. A photovoltaic roadway comprising

a first electrically conductive layer on a road bed;

at least one photoelectrochemical layer, comprising metal-oxide particles, an electrolyte solution, and an asphaltene dye or a mixture of an asphaltene dye and CoMoS 2 , disposed on the first electrically conductive layer; and

at least partially coating the photoelectrochemical layer with the second electrically conductive layer, wherein the voltage created between the first and second electrically conductive layers is gathered along the roadway.