Wide dynamic range bidirectional integrating electrometer with low leakage solid-state reset and range change operating over an extended temperature range

1. A radiation monitor including:

an ionization chamber for detecting radiation that passes into the ionization chamber, the ionization chamber generating a current flow in response to the detected radiation; and

an electrometer electrically connected to the ionization chamber for measuring the current flow generated by the ionization chamber, the electrometer including an amplifier having at least one input connected to the ionization chamber and an output, a first capacitor having first and second terminals respectively connected to the at least one input and the output such that the first capacitor is directly connected between the at least one input and the output, a second capacitor selectively connectable between the at least one input and the output, a plurality of switches operable for selectively connecting the second capacitor between the at least one input and the output and for selectivity connecting the at least one input and the output directly together and to ground, wherein the electrometer is configured, via operation of the plurality of switches, to be operable in a plurality of modes based on a magnitude of the current flow generated by the ionization chamber, the second capacitor having first and second terminals with the second terminal of the second capacitor being connected to the output, the plurality of switches includes a first switch connected between the at least one input and the first terminal of the second capacitor with the first terminal of the second capacitor being connected to the at least one input when the first switch is closed, a second switch connected between the first terminal of the second capacitor and ground with the first terminal of the second capacitor being connected to ground when the second switch is closed, and a third switch connected parallel to the second capacitor between the first and second terminals of the second capacitor with the first and second terminals of the second capacitor being connected when the third switch is closed.

2. The radiation monitor of claim 1 , wherein the first capacitor having a first capacitance and the second capacitor having a second, different capacitance.

3. The radiation monitor of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of modes in which the electrometer is operable includes a first mode in which the first switch and the third switch are opened and the second switch is closed such that the first terminal of the second capacitor is connected to ground.

4. The radiation monitor of claim 3 , wherein the plurality of modes includes a second mode in which the second switch and third switch are opened and the first switch is closed such that the first terminal of the second capacitor is connected to the at least one input in addition of the connection of the first capacitor to the at least one input.

5. The radiation monitor of claim 4 , wherein the plurality of modes includes a reset mode in which each of the first switch, second switch, and third switch are closed such that the at least one input and the output are connected to ground, the first and second terminals of the first capacitor are connected to ground, and the first and second terminals of the second capacitor are connected to ground.

6. The radiation monitor of claim 4 , wherein the electrometer is configured to be operable in the first mode in response to the measured current flow being within a first range.

7. The radiation monitor of claim 6 , wherein the electrometer is configured to be operable in the second mode in response to the measured current flow being within a second range that is larger than the first range.

8. The radiation monitor of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first-third switches include an opto-isolator.

9. A method of measuring current flow through an electrometer of a radiation monitor including:

providing an ionization chamber for detecting radiation, the ionization chamber generating a current flow in response to detected radiation;

providing the electrometer electrically connected to the ionization chamber for measuring the current flow of the ionization chamber, the step of providing the electrometer such that the electrometer including an amplifier having at least one input and an output, a first capacitor having first and second terminals respectively connected to the at least one input and the output such that the first capacitor is directly connected between the at least one input and the output, a second capacitor selectively connectable between the at least one input and the output, a plurality of switches operable for selectively connecting the second capacitor between the at least one input and the output and for selectivity connecting the at least one input and the output directly together and to ground, the second capacitor having first and second terminals with the second terminal of the second capacitor being connected to the output, the plurality of switches includes a first switch connected between the at least one input and the first terminal of the second capacitor with the first terminal of the second capacitor being connected to the at least one input when the first switch is closed, a second switch connected between the first terminal of the second capacitor and ground with the first terminal of the second capacitor being connected to ground when the second switch is closed, and a third switch connected parallel to the second capacitor between the first and second terminals of the second capacitor with the first terminal and the second terminal of the second capacitor being connected to output when the third switch is closed;

operating the electrometer in a first mode in response to the measured current being within a first range such that current does not flow through the first switch, and the first terminal of the second capacitor is connected to ground;

operating the electrometer in a second mode in response to the measured current being within a second range, including operating the first, second and third switches to open the second switch, open the third switch and close the first switch such that the first terminal of the second capacitor is connected to the at least one input in addition of the connection of the first capacitor to the at least one input; and

operating the electrometer in a reset mode, including operating the first, second and third switches to close the first, second and third switches such that the at least one input and the output are connected to ground, the first and second terminals of the first capacitor are connected to ground, and the first and second terminals of the second capacitor are connected to ground.