Diffractive optical element and measurement device

1. A diffractive optical element, comprising:

a transparent substrate having a concave and convex pattern comprising concave portions and convex portions such that the concave and convex pattern diffracts incident light in two dimensions and generates diffracted light having a maximum diffraction angle with reference to an optical axis of an incident light in an angle range of 7.5° or greater, and diffraction efficiency of 5% or less in a zero-order diffracted light beam,

wherein the concave and convex pattern has a distribution of the convex portions such that the convex portions have different shapes having different lengths measured in an X axis direction and a Y axis direction with respect to a Z axis direction representing a height direction of the convex and concave portions, and the lengths measured in the X axis and the Y axis are distributed in different frequencies within a range of λ/8 to 6λ where λ represents a wavelength of the incident light.

2. The diffractive optical element according to claim 1 , wherein the concave and convex portions are formed in a shape of two steps.

3. The diffractive optical element according to claim 1 , wherein the concave and convex portions are formed in a shape of three steps or greater.

4. The diffractive optical element according to claim 3 , wherein the concave and convex portions are formed in a shape of 2 m steps where m is an integer of 2 or greater.

5. The diffractive optical element according to claim 2 , wherein the convex and concave portions satisfy 7.5°<θ<90°, 0<D<0.5 and when 7.5°<θ<36.3°, −0.02θ+0.6<D<−0.00133θ+0.5233 or when 36.3°<θ<90°, −0.02θ+0.6<D<0.475, where θ is a diffraction angle, and D=μ 1 /(μ 1 +μ 2 ) where μ 1 and μ 2 represent an average value of the lengths of the convex portions and an average value of lengths of the concave portions within the range of λ/8 to 6λ, and the lengths of the concave portions are measured in the axis direction different from the height direction of the convex and concave portions.

6. The diffractive optical element according to claim 5 , wherein the diffraction angle θ and D satisfy 7.5°<θ<90°, and 0<D<0.475 and D>−0.02θ+0.625.

7. The diffractive optical element according to claim 3 , wherein the convex and concave portions satisfy 7.5°<θ<90°, and 0<D<0.55 and D>−0.02θ+0.65, where θ is a diffraction angle, and D=μ 1 /(μ 1 +μ 2 ) where μ 1 and μ 2 represent an average value of the lengths of the convex portions and an average value of lengths of the concave portions measured in the axis direction different from the height direction of the convex and concave portions, with reference to a height of an intermediate portion between the convex and concave portions, portions higher than the height of the intermediate portion being the convex portions and portions lower than the height of the intermediate portion being the concave portions.

8. The diffractive optical element according to claim 7 , wherein the diffraction angle θ and D satisfy 7.5°<θ<90°, and 0<D<0.525 and D>−0.02θ+0.675.

9. The diffractive optical element according to claim 1 , wherein the diffraction efficiency in the zero-order diffraction is 3% or less.

10. The diffractive optical element according to claim 1 , further comprising:

a reflection layer made of a material that reflects light.

11. A measurement device, comprising:

a light source that emits light;

the diffractive optical element of claim 1 ; and

an imaging unit that captures an image of a measurement object to which the diffracted light is irradiated.

12. The diffractive optical element according to claim 1 , wherein the concave and convex pattern of the transparent substrate comprises the concave and convex portions formed directly on a surface of the transparent substrate.

13. The diffractive optical element according to claim 1 , wherein the concave and convex pattern of the transparent substrate comprises a transparent film forming the convex portions on a surface of the transparent substrate.

14. The diffractive optical element according to claim 1 , wherein the concave and convex pattern of the transparent substrate comprises the concave and convex portions forming a curve pattern.

15. The diffractive optical element according to claim 1 , wherein the transparent substrate has a plurality of basic units arrayed on a surface of the transparent substrate and each comprising the concave and convex pattern.

16. The diffractive optical element according to claim 2 , wherein the concave and convex pattern of the transparent substrate comprises the concave and convex portions forming a curve pattern.

17. The diffractive optical element according to claim 3 , wherein the concave and convex pattern of the transparent substrate comprises the concave and convex portions forming a curve pattern.

18. The diffractive optical element according to claim 4 , wherein the concave and convex pattern of the transparent substrate comprises the concave and convex portions forming a curve pattern.

19. The diffractive optical element according to claim 5 , wherein the concave and convex pattern of the transparent substrate comprises the concave and convex portions forming a curve pattern.

20. The diffractive optical element according to claim 1 , wherein the convex and concave portions satisfy 7.5°<θ<90°, and 0<D<0.55 and D>−0.02θ+0.65, where θ is a diffraction angle, and D=μ 1 /(μ 1 +μ 2 ) where μ 1 and μ 2 represent an average value of the lengths of the convex portions and an average value of lengths of the concave portions measured in the axis direction different from the height direction of the convex and concave portions, with reference to a height of an intermediate portion between the convex and concave portions, portions higher than the height of the intermediate portion being the convex portions and portions lower than the height of the intermediate portion being the concave portions.