Cylindrical member, cylindrical member for image forming apparatus, electrophotographic photoreceptor, image forming apparatus, and process cartridge
A cylindrical member includes aluminum, and has an average area of crystal particles of an outer circumferential surface which is smaller than an average area of crystal particles of an inner circumferential surface.
1. A cylindrical member which includes aluminum and in which an average area of crystal particles of an outer circumferential surface is smaller than an average area of crystal particles of an inner circumferential surface.
2. The cylindrical member according to claim 1 ,
wherein a ratio (S 1 /S 2 ×100) of the average area S 1 of crystal particles of the outer circumferential surface to the average area S 2 of crystal particles of the inner circumferential surface is from 20% to 45%.
3. The cylindrical member according to claim 1 ,
wherein a ratio (S 1 /S 2 ×100) of the average area S 1 of crystal particles of the outer circumferential surface to the average area S 2 of crystal particles of the inner circumferential surface is from 24% to 38%.
4. The cylindrical member according to claim 1 ,
wherein the average area S 1 of crystal particles of the outer circumferential surface is from 0.9 μm 2 to 1.25 μm 2 .
5. The cylindrical member according to claim 1 ,
wherein the average area S 2 of crystal particles of the inner circumferential surface is from 2.76 μm 2 to 4.54 μm 2 .
6. The cylindrical member according to claim 1 ,
wherein the average area of crystal particles is reduced in a thickness direction from the inner circumferential surface to the outer circumferential surface.
7. The cylindrical member according to claim 1 ,
wherein an aluminum content is 99.5% or greater.
8. The cylindrical member according to claim 1 ,
wherein an aluminum content is 99.6% or greater.
9. The cylindrical member according to claim 1 ,
wherein the cylindrical member has a thickness of from 0.3 mm to 0.9 mm.
10. The cylindrical member according to claim 1 ,
wherein the cylindrical member has a thickness of from 0.4 mm to 0.6 mm.
11. A cylindrical member for an image forming apparatus which is used in the image forming apparatus, comprising:
the cylindrical member according to claim 1 ; and
a resin layer or a rubber layer which is disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the cylindrical member.
12. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising:
the cylindrical member for an image forming apparatus according to claim 11 .
13. An image forming apparatus comprising:
the cylindrical member for an image forming apparatus according to claim 11 .
14. An image forming apparatus comprising:
the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 12 ;
a charging unit that charges a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor;
an electrostatic latent image forming unit that forms an electrostatic latent image on the surface of a charged electrophotographic photoreceptor;
a developing unit that develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor with a developer including a toner to form a toner image; and
a transfer unit that transfers the toner image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor onto a recording medium.
15. A process cartridge that is detachable from an image forming apparatus, comprising:
the cylindrical member for an image forming apparatus according to claim 11 .
16. A process cartridge that is detachable from an image forming apparatus, comprising:
the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 12 .