Methods for making polymer particulates in gel form

1. A method for making polymer particles in gel form via an emulsion or suspension process, the method comprising:

preparing a reactant mixture comprising a carrier fluid and a monomer component containing one or more phenolic compounds, wherein:

the monomer component polymerizes to form the polymer particles in gel form,

the reactant mixture is located within a reactor having one or more inner surfaces in contact with the reactant mixture during polymerization of the monomer component,

the one or more inner surfaces limit a release of metal, metal ions, or a combination thereof into the reactant mixture to produce the polymer particles in gel form containing less than 1 wt % metal atoms, metal ions, or a combination thereof, based on the total weight of the polymer particles in gel form,

the one or more inner surfaces in contact with the reactant mixture comprises a metal,

at least a portion of the metal has undergone a passivation process to produce a passivated metal surface, and

the passivated metal surface is formed by a carburization process, a boronization process, a nitridization process, or any combination thereof.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactant mixture further comprises one or more catalysts; and wherein the one or more catalysts is substantially free of any metal or metal ion.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer particles in gel form contain less than 0.1 wt % metal atoms, metal ions, or a combination thereof, based on the total weight of the polymer particles in gel form.

4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising drying the polymer particles in gel form to produce dried polymer particles, wherein the dried polymer particles contain less than 1 wt % metal atoms, metal ions, or a combination thereof.

5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising drying the polymer particles in gel form to produce dried polymer particles, wherein the dried polymer particles contain less than 0.1 wt % metal atoms, metal ions, or a combination thereof.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal comprises cobalt, chromium, tungsten, carbon, silicon, iron, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, nickel, boron, phosphorous, sulfur, titanium, aluminum, copper, tungsten, alloys thereof, or any combination thereof.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal comprises one or more stainless steels, one or more carbon steels, one or more tool steels, one or more alloy steels, or any combination thereof.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the passivated metal surface is formed by a carburization process.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the passivated metal surface is formed by a boronization process.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the passivated metal surface is formed by a nitridization process.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more phenolic compounds comprise phenol, resorcinol, catechol, hydroquinone, pyrogallol, a tannin, or any combination thereof.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the monomer component further comprises a crosslinking compound, and wherein the crosslinking compound comprises formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, furfuraldehyde, benzaldehyde, glyoxal, malonaldehyde, succinaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, 2-hydroxyglutaraldehyde, β-methylglutaraldehyde, adipaldehyde, pimelaldehyde, suberaldehyde, malealdehyde, fumaraldehyde, sebacaldehyde, phthalaldehyde, isophthalaldehyde, terephthalaldehyde, glyoxylic acid, a glyoxylic acid ester, a glyoxylic acid amide, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, or any combination thereof.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the monomer component further comprises a crosslinking compound.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the monomer component further comprises a mixture of Maillard reactants.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carrier fluid comprises water, a paraffinic oil, a naphthenic oil, an aromatic oil, or any combination thereof.

16. A method for making polymer particles in gel form via an emulsion or suspension process, comprising:

mixing a carrier fluid and a monomer component containing one or more phenolic compounds to produce an emulsion or suspension; and

polymerizing the monomer component in the emulsion or suspension to produce the polymer particles in gel form, wherein:

the emulsion or suspension is located within a reactor having one or more inner surfaces in contact with the emulsion or suspension during polymerization of the monomer component, and

at least a portion of the one or more inner surfaces comprises a passivated metal formed by a carburization process, a boronization process, a nitridization process, or any combination thereof.

17. A method for making polymer particles in gel form via an emulsion or suspension process, comprising:

polymerizing a monomer component comprising a phenolic compound and a crosslinking compound to produce the polymer particles in gel form, wherein:

the monomer component is located within a reactor having one or more inner surfaces in contact with the monomer component during polymerization of the monomer component, and

at least a portion of the one or more inner surfaces comprises a passivated metal formed by a carburization process, a boronization process, a nitridization process, or any combination thereof.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein:

the monomer component further comprises a crosslinking compound,

the carrier fluid comprises water, a paraffinic oil, a naphthenic oil, an aromatic oil, or any combination thereof,

the one or more phenolic compounds comprise phenol, resorcinol, catechol, hydroquinone, pyrogallol, a tannin, or any combination thereof, and

the crosslinking compound comprises formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, furfuraldehyde, benzaldehyde, glyoxal, malonaldehyde, succinaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, 2-hydroxyglutaraldehyde,β-methylglutaraldehyde, adipaldehyde, pimelaldehyde, suberaldehyde, malealdehyde, fumaraldehyde, sebacaldehyde, phthalaldehyde, isophthalaldehyde, terephthalaldehyde, glyoxylic acid, a glyoxylic acid ester, a glyoxylic acid amide, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, or any combination thereof.

19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the one or more phenolic compounds comprise phenol, resorcinol, catechol, hydroquinone, pyrogallol, a tannin, or any combination thereof.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the crosslinking compound comprises formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, furfuraldehyde, benzaldehyde, glyoxal, malonaldehyde, succinaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, 2-hydroxyglutaraldehyde, β-methylglutaraldehyde, adipaldehyde, pimelaldehyde, suberaldehyde, malealdehyde, fumaraldehyde, sebacaldehyde, phthalaldehyde, isophthalaldehyde, terephthalaldehyde, glyoxylic acid, a glyoxylic acid ester, a glyoxylic acid amide, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, or any combination thereof.