Ultrahigh voltage solid electrolytic capacitor
A capacitor for use in ultrahigh voltage environments is provided. During formation of the capacitor, the forming voltage employed during anodization is generally about 300 volts or more and at temperatures ranging from about 10° C. to about 70° C. Such conditions can substantially improve the quality and thickness of the dielectric without adversely impacting the uniformity and consistency of its surface coverage. In addition, the solid electrolyte is also formed from a dispersion of preformed conductive polymer particles. In this manner, the electrolyte may remain generally free of high energy radicals (e.g., Fe 2+ or Fe 3+ ions) that can lead to dielectric degradation, particularly at the ultrahigh voltages noted above.
1. A method of forming an ultrahigh voltage solid electrolytic capacitor element, the method comprising:
anodically oxidizing a sintered porous anode body at a forming voltage of about 300 volts or more and at a temperature of from about 10° C. to about 70° C. to form an anode that contains a dielectric coating on the anode body, wherein the anode body is formed from a powder than contains tantalum, niobium, or an electrically conductive oxide thereof; and
applying a dispersion of conductive polymer particles to the anode to form a solid electrolyte, wherein the conductive polymer particles include a substituted polythiophene.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous anode body is dipped into a bath that contains an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is kept at a temperature of from about 10° C. to about 70° C.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein a current is passed through the electrolyte to form the dielectric coating at a voltage of about 300 volts or more.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the forming voltage is from about 340 volts to about 380 volts.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the temperature is from about 25° C. to about 50° C.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous anode body is formed from a tantalum powder that contains flake particles having an aspect ratio of from about 2 to about 100.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous anode body is formed from a powder having a specific charge of from about 5,000 to about 40,000 μF*V/g.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substituted polythiophene has the following general structure:
wherein,
T is O or S;
D is an optionally substituted C 1 to C 5 alkylene radical;
R 7 is a linear or branched, optionally substituted C 1 to C 18 alkyl radical; optionally substituted C 5 to C 12 cycloalkyl radical; optionally substituted C 6 to C 14 aryl radical; optionally substituted C 7 to C 18 aralkyl radical; optionally substituted C 1 to C 4 hydroxyalkyl radical, or hydroxyl radical;
q is an integer from 0 to 8; and
n is from 2 to 5,000.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substituted polythiophene has the following general structure:
wherein,
R 7 is a linear or branched, optionally substituted C 1 to C 18 alkyl radical; optionally substituted C 6 to C 14 aryl radical; optionally substituted C 1 to C 4 hydroxyalkyl radical, or hydroxyl radical;
q is an integer from 0 to 8; and
n is from 2 to 5,000.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conductive polymer particles include poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) or a derivative thereof.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conductive polymer particles have an average diameter of from about 1 to about 200 nanometers.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solid electrolyte further comprises a counterion.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the counterion includes a monomeric or polymeric anion.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the counterion includes a polystyrene sulfonic acid.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solid electrolyte further comprises a binder.
16. The method of claim 1 , further comprising a lead that extends in a longitudinal direction from the porous body of the anode.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solid electrolyte is generally free of conductive polymers formed by in situ polymerization.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode is dipped into the dispersion.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sintered porous anode body has no more than about 50 ppm of carbon.
20. The method of claim 1 , further comprising electrically connecting the anode to an anode termination and the solid electrolyte of the capacitor element to a cathode termination.
21. A capacitor element formed from the method of claim 1 .
22. The capacitor element of claim 21 , wherein the capacitor element exhibits a breakdown voltage of about 120 volts or more.
23. The capacitor element of claim 21 , wherein the capacitor element exhibits a breakdown voltage of from about 240 volts to about 300 volts.
24. The capacitor element of claim 21 , wherein the capacitor exhibits a peak surge current of from about 300 to about 800 Amps.
25. A solid electrolytic capacitor comprising:
an anode that comprises an anodically oxidized, sintered porous anode body, wherein the anode body is formed from a powder than contains tantalum or niobium oxide and has a specific charge of from about 3,000 to about 40,000 μF*V/g;
a solid electrolyte overlying the anode, wherein the solid electrolyte is formed from a dispersion of conductive polymer particles that include poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) or a derivative thereof;
an anode termination electrically connected to the anode; and
a cathode termination electrically connected to the solid electrolyte,
wherein the capacitor exhibits a breakdown voltage of about 200 volts or more and a peak surge current of from about 300 to about 800 Amps.
26. The capacitor of claim 25 , wherein the porous anode body is formed from a tantalum powder that contains flake particles having an aspect ratio of from about 2 to about 100.
27. The capacitor of claim 25 , wherein the solid electrolyte further comprises a counterion.
28. The capacitor of claim 27 , wherein the counterion includes a monomeric or polymeric anion.
29. The capacitor of claim 27 , wherein the counterion includes a polystyrene sulfonic acid.
30. The capacitor of claim 25 , wherein the solid electrolyte is generally free of conductive polymers formed by in situ polymerization.
31. The capacitor of claim 25 , wherein the sintered porous anode body has no more than about 50 ppm of carbon.
32. The capacitor of claim 25 , wherein the capacitor element exhibits a breakdown voltage of from about 240 volts to about 300 volts.
33. The capacitor of claim 25 , wherein the anode is anodically oxidized at a forming voltage of about 300 volts or more.