Fused metal nanostructured networks, fusing solutions with reducing agents and methods for forming metal networks
Reduction/oxidation reagents have been found to be effective to chemically cure a sparse metal nanowire film into a fused metal nanostructured network through evidently a ripening type process. The resulting fused network can provide desirable low sheet resistances while maintaining good optical transparency. The transparent conductive films can be effectively applied as a single conductive ink or through sequential forming of a metal nanowire film with the subsequent addition of a fusing agent. The fused metal nanowire films can be effectively patterned, and the patterned films can be useful in devices, such as touch sensors.
1. A set of solutions for sequential application comprising:
a first container with a nanowire ink comprising a dispersion of metal nanowires; and
a second container with a distinct fusing solution comprising a metal ion source and a reducing agent, wherein the fusing solution is effective to fuse a film of the metal nanowires upon drying wherein the metal ion source comprises metal ions at a concentration from about 0.0005M to about 0.05M or an oxidizing agent.
2. The set of solutions of claim 1 wherein the oxidizing agent comprises a strong acid at a concentration of at least about 0.000001M.
3. The set of solutions of claim 1 wherein the oxidizing agent comprises nitric acid.
4. The set of solutions of claim 1 wherein the fusing solution is substantially free of halide anions.
5. The set of solutions of claim 1 wherein the reducing agent comprises methanol, isopropyl alcohol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, 2,3-butanediol, hydroxyacetone, propylene glycol, or a combination thereof and wherein the solvent is a reducing agent.
6. The set of solutions of claim 1 wherein the reducing agent comprise ethanol.
7. The set of solutions of claim 1 wherein the reducing agent can reduce the metal ions to its corresponding metal element.
8. The set of solutions of claim 1 wherein the reducing agent comprises hydroxyacetone, a-hydroxyacetophenone, phenol, aminophenol, hydroquinone pyrogallol, 4-amino-3-hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid, catechol, phenidone, hydroxylamine, a sugar alcohol, a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, benzoin, furoin, phthalhydrazide, adipic acid dihydrazide, phenidone, 1-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene, dihydrodiazine, a sulfite, a hydrogen sulfite, a thiosulfate, a phosphite, a hydrogenphosphite, oxalate, or a combination thereof.
9. The set of solutions of claim 1 wherein the metal ion source comprises metal ions and wherein the metal ions comprises silver ions.
10. The set of solutions of claim 1 wherein the metal ions source comprises a metal salt comprising metal elements that are distinct from metal element of the metal nanowires.
11. The set of solutions of claim 1 wherein the nanowire ink comprises at least about 0.01 weight percent metal nanowires.
12. The set of solutions of claim 1 wherein the metal nanowires comprise copper, gold, indium, tin, iron, titanium, platinum, palladium, nickel, cobalt, or an alloy combination thereof.
13. The set of solutions of claim 1 wherein the metal nanowires comprise silver.
14. The set of solutions of claim 1 wherein the nanowires have an average diameter of no more than about 75 nm and a length of at least about 5 microns.
15. The set of solutions of claim 1 wherein the metal ion source comprises an acid that can dissolve metal ions from the metal nanowires.
16. The set of solutions of claim 1 wherein the nanowire ink comprises metal nanowires at a concentration from 0.01 wt % to about 5 wt % and wherein the metal nanowires comprise silver.
17. The set of solutions of claim 1 wherein the reducing agent comprises a sugar.
18. The set of solutions of claim 1 wherein the fusing solution has a pH from about 2 to about 6 pH units.
19. A solution for forming an electrically conductive fused metal nanostructured network, the solution being stable without particle nucleation and comprising solvent, metal nanowires, a metal ion source, a surfactant, and a reducing agent, wherein the metal ion source comprises metal ions at a concentration from about 0.0005M to about 0.05M or an oxidizing agent, wherein the solvent comprises water, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, 2-butanol or mixtures thereof.
20. The solution of claim 19 wherein the metal ion source is an oxidizing agent, and the oxidizing agent comprises a strong acid at a concentration of at least about 0.000001M.
21. The solution of claim 19 wherein the metal nanowires comprise silver nanowires and the metal ion source comprises a dissolved salt comprising a metal ion of an element different from silver.
22. The solution of claim 19 wherein the metal nanowires comprise silver nanowires, the metal ion source comprises a dissolved metal salt, and the solution comprises a reducing agent and an oxidizing agent, wherein the reducing agent comprises an alcohol and the oxidizing agent comprises an acid.
23. The solution of claim 19 comprising metal nanowires at a concentration from 0.01 wt % to about 5 wt % and wherein the metal nanowires comprise silver.
24. The solution of claim 19 wherein the reducing agent comprises sugar.
25. The solution of claim 19 having a pH from about 2 to about 6 pH units.
26. The solution of claim 19 wherein the reducing agent comprises hydroxyacetone, a-hydroxyacetophenone, phenol, aminophenol, hydroquinone pyrogallol, 4-amino-3-hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid, catechol, phenidone, hydroxylamine, a sugar alcohol, a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, benzoin, furoin, phthalhydrazide, adipic acid dihydrazide, phenidone, 1-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene, dihydrodiazine, a sulfite, a hydrogen sulfite, a thiosulfate, a phosphite, a hydrogenphosphite, oxalate, or a combination thereof.
27. The solution of claim 19 wherein the metal ion source comprises metal ions and wherein the metal ions comprises silver ions.
28. The solution of claim 19 wherein the metal ions source comprises a metal salt comprising metal elements that are distinct from metal element of the metal nanowires.
29. The solution of claim 19 wherein the nanowire ink comprises at least about 0.01 weight percent metal nanowires.
30. The solution of claim 19 wherein the metal nanowires comprise copper, gold, indium, tin, iron, titanium, platinum, palladium, nickel, cobalt, or an alloy combination thereof.
31. The solution of claim 19 wherein the metal nanowires comprise silver.
32. The solution of claim 19 wherein the nanowires have an average diameter of no more than about 75 nm and a length of at least about 5 microns.