High fidelity nano-structures and arrays for photovoltaics and methods of making the same
A photovoltaic device includes an electron accepting material and an electron donating material. One of the electron accepting or donating materials is configured and dimensioned as a first component of a bulk heterojunction with a predetermined array of first structures, each first structure is substantially equivalent in three dimensional shape, has a substantially equivalent cross-sectional dimension, and where each first structure of the array of first structures has a substantially equivalent orientation with respect to adjacent first structures of the predetermined array forming a substantially uniform array.
1. A method for harvesting micro- and/or nano-particles, comprising:
a) contacting a harvesting layer and one or more of the micro- and/or nano-particles, wherein the harvesting layer is associated with a surface of the one or more micro- and/or nano-particles, wherein prior to said contacting, each of the one or more micro- and/or nano-particles resides in a discrete recess of a polymer mold, and wherein the harvesting layer has an affinity for the particles greater than the affinity of the particles for the polymer mold;
b) dissociating the harvesting layer from the polymer mold, wherein the one or more micro- and/or nano-particles are removed from the recess of the polymer mold to prepare harvested particles, wherein the harvested particles are in communication with the harvesting layer;
wherein the harvested particles are a plurality of monodisperse particles.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
c) dissociating the harvested particles from the harvesting layer.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein dissociating the harvested particles comprises scraping the particles under dry conditions.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein dissociating the harvested particles comprises dissolving at least a portion of the harvesting layer.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface energy of the harvesting layer is greater than the surface energy of the polymer mold.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the harvesting layer comprises a surface that has a surface energy greater than the surface energy of the polymer mold.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the harvesting layer is a sheet or a film.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the harvesting layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a carbohydrate, an epoxy, a wax, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polybutyl acrylate, a polycyano acrylate and polymethyl methacrylate or combinations thereof.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the harvested particles are in an array, wherein the distance between each particle is between about 1 nm and about 100 nm.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the distance is between about 5 nm and about 20 nm.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the harvested particles is a nanoparticle having a size between about 1 nm about 200 nm.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the harvested particles is a nanoparticle having a size between about 1 nm about 50 nm.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the harvested particles is a nanoparticle having a size between about 1 nm about 20 nm.