Down-mixing compensation for audio watermarking
View Patent ↗Example methods, apparatus, systems and articles of manufacture to implement down-mixing compensation for audio watermarking are disclosed. Example methods disclosed herein to compensate for audio channel down-mixing when embedding watermarks in a multichannel audio signal include obtaining a watermark to be embedded in respective ones of a plurality of audio channels of the multichannel audio signal. Such example methods also include embedding the watermark in a first one of the plurality of audio channels based on a compensation factor that is to reduce perceptibility of the watermark when the first one of the plurality of audio channels is down-mixed with a second one of the plurality of audio channels after the watermark has been applied to the first and second ones of the plurality of audio channels.
1. A method to compensate for audio channel down-mixing when embedding watermarks in a multichannel audio signal, the method comprising:
obtaining a watermark to be embedded in respective ones of a plurality of audio channels of the multichannel audio signal; and
embedding the watermark in a first one of the plurality of audio channels based on a compensation factor that is to reduce perceptibility of the watermark when the first one of the plurality of audio channels is down-mixed with a second one of the plurality of audio channels after the watermark has been applied to the first and second ones of the plurality of audio channels.
2. A method as defined in claim 1 , further including determining the compensation factor based on evaluating the first and second ones of the plurality of audio channels.
3. A method as defined in claim 2 , wherein the compensation factor includes an attenuation factor for a first audio band, and determining the compensation factor includes determining the attenuation factor for the first audio band, the attenuation factor being based on a ratio of a first energy and a second energy determined for the first audio band, the first energy corresponding to an energy in the first audio band for a first block of down-mixed audio samples formed by down-mixing the first one of the plurality of audio channels with the second one of the plurality of audio channels, the second energy corresponding to a maximum of a plurality of energies determined for a respective plurality of blocks of down-mixed audio samples including the first block of down-mixed audio samples.
4. A method as defined in claim 3 , further including:
applying the attenuation factor to the watermark when embedding the watermark in the first one of the plurality of audio channels; and
applying the attenuation factor to the watermark when embedding the watermark in the second one of the plurality of audio channels.
5. A method as defined in claim 4 , wherein the multichannel audio signal includes at least three audio channels, the attenuation factor is determined using the down-mixed audio samples formed by down-mixing the first one of the plurality of audio channels with the second one of the plurality of audio channels, and the method further includes applying the attenuation factor to the watermark when embedding the watermark in a third one of the plurality of audio channels different from the first and second ones of the plurality of audio channels.
6. A method as defined in claim 2 , wherein the compensation factor includes a decision factor indicating whether the watermark is permitted to be embedded in a first block of audio samples from the first one of the plurality of audio channels, and determining the compensation factor includes:
determining a delay between the first block of audio samples from the first one of the plurality of audio channels and a second block of audio samples from the second one of the plurality of audio channels, the first and second blocks of audio samples corresponding to a same interval of time;
setting the decision factor to indicate embedding of the watermark in the first block of audio samples from the first one of the plurality of audio channels is not permitted when the delay is in a first range of delays; and
setting the decision factor to indicate embedding of the watermark in the first block of audio samples from the first one of the plurality of audio channels is permitted when the delay is not in the first range of delays.
7. A method as defined in claim 1 , wherein embedding the watermark in the first one of the plurality of audio channels based on the compensation factor includes applying a phase shift to the watermark when embedding the watermark in the first one of the plurality of audio channels, the watermark to be embedded in the second one of the plurality of audio channels without the phase shift being applied to the watermark.
8. A method as defined in claim 1 , wherein the multichannel audio signal includes a front left channel, a front right channel, a center channel, a rear left channel and a rear right channel, the watermark is embedded in at least one of the front left channel, the front right channel or the center channel based on the compensation factor.
9. A non-transitory tangible machine readable storage medium comprising machine readable instructions which, when executed, cause a machine to at least:
obtain a watermark to be embedded in respective ones of a plurality of audio channels of a multichannel audio signal; and
embed the watermark in a first one of the plurality of audio channels based on a compensation factor that is to reduce perceptibility of the watermark when the first one of the plurality of audio channels is down-mixed with a second one of the plurality of audio channels after the watermark has been applied to the first and second ones of the plurality of audio channels.
10. A storage medium as defined in claim 9 , wherein the machine readable instructions, when executed, further cause the machine to determine the compensation factor based on evaluating the first and second ones of the plurality of audio channels.
11. A storage medium as defined in claim 10 , wherein the compensation factor includes an attenuation factor for a first audio band, and to determine the compensation factor, the machine readable instructions, when executed, cause the machine to determine the attenuation factor for the first audio band, the attenuation factor being based on a ratio of a first energy and a second energy determined for the first audio band, the first energy corresponding to an energy in the first audio band for a first block of down-mixed audio samples formed by down-mixing the first one of the plurality of audio channels with the second one of the plurality of audio channels, the second energy corresponding to a maximum of a plurality of energies determined for a respective plurality of blocks of down-mixed audio samples including the first block of down-mixed audio sample.
12. A storage medium as defined in claim 11 , wherein the multichannel audio signal includes at least three audio channels, the attenuation factor is determined using the down-mixed audio samples formed by down-mixing the first one of the plurality of audio channels with the second one of the plurality of audio channels, and the machine readable instructions, when executed, further cause the machine to:
apply the attenuation factor to the watermark when embedding the watermark in the first one of the plurality of audio channels;
apply the attenuation factor to the watermark when embedding the watermark in the second one of the plurality of audio channels; and
apply the attenuation factor to the watermark when embedding the watermark in a third one of the plurality of audio channels different from the first and second ones of the plurality of audio channels.
13. A storage medium as defined in claim 10 , wherein the compensation factor includes a decision factor indicating whether the watermark is permitted to be embedded in a first block of audio samples from the first one of the plurality of audio channels, and to determine the compensation factor, the machine readable instructions, when executed, cause the machine to:
determine a delay between the first block of audio samples from the first one of the plurality of audio channels and a second block of audio samples from the second one of the plurality of audio channels, the first and second blocks of audio samples corresponding to a same interval of time;
set the decision factor to indicate embedding of the watermark in the first block of audio samples from the first one of the plurality of audio channels is not permitted when the delay is in a first range of delays; and
set the decision factor to indicate embedding of the watermark in the first block of audio samples from the first one of the plurality of audio channels is permitted when the delay is not in the first range of delays.
14. A storage medium as defined in claim 10 , wherein to embed the watermark in the first one of the plurality of audio channels based on the compensation factor, the machine readable instructions, when executed, cause the machine to apply a phase shift to the watermark when embedding the watermark in the first one of the plurality of audio channels, the watermark to be embedded in the second one of the plurality of audio channels without the phase shift being applied to the watermark.
15. An apparatus to compensate for audio channel down-mixing when embedding watermarks in a multichannel audio signal, the apparatus comprising:
a watermark determiner to determine a watermark to be embedded in respective ones of a plurality of audio channels of the multichannel audio signal; and
a watermark embedder to embed the watermark in a first one of the plurality of audio channels based on a compensation factor that is to reduce perceptibility of the watermark when the first one of the plurality of audio channels is down-mixed with a second one of the plurality of audio channels after the watermark has been applied to the first and second ones of the plurality of audio channels.
16. An apparatus as defined in claim 15 , further including a watermark compensator to determine the compensation factor based on evaluating the first and second ones of the plurality of audio channels.
17. An apparatus as defined in claim 16 , wherein the compensation factor includes an attenuation factor for a first audio band, and the watermark compensator is to determine the attenuation factor for the first audio band, the attenuation factor being based on a ratio of a first energy and a second energy determined for the first audio band, the first energy corresponding to an energy in the first audio band for a first block of down-mixed audio samples formed by down-mixing the first one of the plurality of audio channels with the second one of the plurality of audio channels, the second energy corresponding to a maximum of a plurality of energies determined for a respective plurality of blocks of down-mixed audio samples including the first block of down-mixed audio samples.
18. An apparatus as defined in claim 17 , wherein the multichannel audio signal includes at least three audio channels, the watermark compensator is to determine the attenuation factor using the down-mixed audio samples formed by down-mixing the first one of the plurality of audio channels with the second one of the plurality of audio channels, and the watermark embedder is to:
apply the attenuation factor to the watermark when embedding the watermark in the first one of the plurality of audio channels;
apply the attenuation factor to the watermark when embedding the watermark in the second one of the plurality of audio channels; and
apply the attenuation factor to the watermark when embedding the watermark in a third one of the plurality of audio channels different from the first and second ones of the plurality of audio channels.
19. An apparatus as defined in claim 15 , wherein the compensation factor includes a decision factor indicating whether the watermark is permitted to be embedded in a first block of audio samples from the first one of the plurality of audio channels, and to determine the compensation factor, the watermark compensator is further to:
determine a delay between the first block of audio samples from the first one of the plurality of audio channels and a second block of audio samples from the second one of the plurality of audio channels, the first and second blocks of audio samples corresponding to a same interval of time;
set the decision factor to indicate embedding of the watermark in the first block of audio samples from the first one of the plurality of audio channels is not permitted when the delay is in a first range of delays; and
set the decision factor to indicate embedding of the watermark in the first block of audio samples from the first one of the plurality of audio channels is permitted when the delay is not in the first range of delays.
20. An apparatus as defined in claim 15 , wherein to embed the watermark in the first one of the plurality of audio channels based on the compensation factor, the watermark embedder is to apply a phase shift to the watermark when embedding the watermark in the first one of the plurality of audio channels, the watermark embedder to embed the watermark in the second one of the plurality of audio channels without applying the phase shift to the watermark.