Impedance based devices and methods for use in assays

1. A method for assaying target molecules in a liquid sample, the method comprising:

a) providing an impedance monitoring device operably connected to an impedance analyzer, the device comprising:

i) a nonconducting substrate having a well,

ii) at least two electrodes fabricated on a bottom of the well and on a same plane, wherein the surfaces of the at least two electrodes are modified with capture molecules configured to bind target molecules in a liquid sample, and

iii) at least two connection pads electrically connected to the at least two electrodes;

b) adding a cell-free liquid sample suspected of having target molecules to the well thereby permitting binding of target molecules to the capture molecules;

c) monitoring impedance of the well; and

d) determining the amount or concentration of target molecules in the liquid sample from the monitored impedance;

characterized in that the target molecules are labeled with an enzyme to form labeled target molecules, wherein the enzyme catalyzes a reaction forming a precipitate and precipitation of the precipitate on the surface of the at least two electrodes is detected by the monitored impedance.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the device comprises a multi-well plate each well having at least two electrodes on a bottom of the well, wherein the liquid sample is added to a first well and a control liquid lacking the target molecules is added to a second well, wherein the step of monitoring impedance is performed for both the first well and the second well.

3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the step of determining the amount of target molecules comprises comparing the impedances between the first and second wells to identify a change in impedance between the wells and calculating the amount or concentration of target molecules from the change in impedance.

4. The method according to claim 2 , further comprising determining a molecular interaction index for each of the first well and the second well from the impedances, wherein the step of determining the amount of target molecules comprises comparing the molecular interaction index between the first and second wells to identify a change in molecular interaction index and calculating the amount or concentration of target molecules from the change in molecular interaction index.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the two electrodes and capture molecules comprise binding pairs as linkage molecules.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the binding pairs are selected from the group consisting of a biotin-avidin pair, an antibody-antigen pair, an antibody-protein pair, a sugar-lecithin pair, and a receptor-ligand pair.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the capture molecules are selected from the group consisting of nucleic acids, proteins and antibodies.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the target molecules are soluble molecules.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the target molecules are selected from the group consisting of nucleic acids, proteins, antibodies, antigens, and organic compounds.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the enzyme is an alkaline phosphatase.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the target molecules are labeled before the step of adding the liquid sample suspected of having target molecules to the well.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the target molecules are labeled after the step of adding the liquid sample suspected of having target molecules to the well.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the target molecules are labeled by adding labeling molecules in a solution to the well followed by incubation to allow the labeling molecules to bind target molecules bound to the capture molecules.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of target molecules in the liquid sample is determined from the monitored impedance.