Siloxane removal from gases using lignite-enhanced activated carbons and adsorbent media used therefor

1. A method of removing siloxanes from a contaminated gas stream, comprising flowing the gas stream comprising siloxanes through an adsorbent media to remove at least part of the siloxanes from the gas stream, wherein said adsorbent media comprises lignite-based activated carbon having an apparent density of from about 0.3 to about 0.6 g/mL.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lignite-based activated carbon has pore sizes and a total pore volume, wherein at least about 25% of the total pore volume is from pore sizes of from 20 Å to 500 Å.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the siloxanes comprise linear siloxanes, cyclic siloxanes, or any combinations thereof.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the siloxanes comprise polymethylpolysiloxane, polymethylcyclopolysiloxane, or any combinations thereof.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lignite-based activated carbon has a molasses decolorizing efficiency of at least 50.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the flowing of the gas through the adsorbent media removes at least about 95 wt. % of the volatile siloxanes for a time period that is at least about 3× longer than for adsorbent media containing an equal volume and same bed geometry of bituminous coal-based activated carbon instead of the lignite-based activated carbon.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lignite-based activated carbon has a total porosity of from about 0.9 to about 2.0 mL/g.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lignite-based activated carbon has a BET surface area of from about 500 to about 650 m 2 /g.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lignite-based activated carbon has a pH greater than 7.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lignite-based activated carbon is in powder form or bound form.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lignite-based activated carbon is in the form of granular particles, briquettes, or extruded pellets.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the adsorbent media comprises a blend of the lignite-based activated carbon and silica gel.

13. The method of claim 1 wherein the lignite-based activated carbon is steam-activated unwashed lignite.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the adsorbent media comprises at least about 50 wt. % lignite-based activated carbon.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the adsorbent media comprises a blend of the lignite-based activated carbon and at least one non-carbon based adsorbent media.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the adsorbent media is present as a homogenous bed of the lignite-based activated carbon.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the adsorbent media comprises a blend of the lignite-based activated carbon and at least one different kind of adsorbent media.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the adsorbent media comprises a blend of the lignite-based activated carbon and at least one different kind of activated carbon, and wherein at least one of the lignite-based activated carbon and the at least one different kind of activated carbon are impregnated with at least one impregnant that is a salt, an acid, or base.

19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the adsorbent media comprises a blend of the lignite-based activated carbon and at least one different kind of activated carbon.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the at least one different kind of activated carbon is activated carbon produced from bituminous coal, coconut shells, wood, sawdust, rice hulls, peat, petroleum residues, or any combinations thereof.

21. The method of claim 19 , wherein the at least one different kind of activated carbon has a pore size distribution comprising a percentage of pores having pore sizes less than 2 nm that is greater than a percentage of pores in the lignite-based activated carbon that has pore sizes less than 2 nm.

22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gas stream comprises landfill gas emissions.

23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gas stream comprises gas emissions from anaerobic digestion.

24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the flowing of the gas stream through the adsorbent media removes at least about 95 wt. % of the volatile siloxanes from the gas stream.

25. The method of claim 1 , wherein the flowing of the gas through the adsorbent media removes at least about 95 wt. % of the volatile siloxanes for a time period that is at least about 2× longer than for adsorbent media containing an equal volume and same bed geometry of bituminous coal-based activated carbon instead of the lignite-based activated carbon.

26. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gas stream at the inlet side of the adsorbent media contains from about 1 ppm to about 25 ppm siloxane.

27. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gas stream comprises volatile siloxanes, total reduced sulfur compounds and volatile organic compounds, when introduced at an inlet side of the adsorbent media.

28. The method of claim 27 , wherein the flowing of the gas stream through the adsorbent media removes at least about 95 wt. % of the volatile siloxanes from the gas stream.

29. The method of claim 27 , wherein the flowing of the gas stream through the adsorbent media removes at least about 95 wt. % of total reduced sulfur compounds.

30. The method of claim 27 , wherein the flowing of the gas stream through the adsorbent media removes at least about 90 wt. % of the volatile organic compounds from the gas stream.

31. The method of claim 27 , wherein the flowing of the gas stream through the adsorbent media removes at least about 99 wt. % of the volatile siloxanes from the gas stream.

32. The method of claim 27 , wherein the flowing of the gas stream through the adsorbent media removes at least about 99 wt. % of the volatile siloxanes, and at least one of i) at least about 99.5 wt. % of the total reduced sulfur compounds and ii) at least about 95 wt. % of the volatile organic compounds from the gas stream.

33. The method of claim 27 , wherein the flowing of the gas through the adsorbent media removes at least about 95 wt. % of the volatile siloxanes for a time period that is at least about 2× longer than for adsorbent media containing an equal volume and same bed geometry of bituminous coal-based activated carbon instead of the lignite-based activated carbon.

34. The method of claim 27 , wherein the flowing of the gas through the adsorbent media removes at least about 95 wt. % of the volatile siloxanes for a time period that is at least about 3× longer than for adsorbent media containing an equal volume and same bed geometry of bituminous coal-based activated carbon instead of the lignite-based activated carbon.

35. The method of claim 27 , wherein the gas stream at the inlet side of the adsorbent media contains from about 1 ppm to about 25 ppm siloxanes, from about 10 ppm to about 150 ppm total reduce sulfur compounds, and from about 200 ppm to about 500 ppm volatile organic compounds.

36. A method of removing siloxanes from a contaminated gas stream, comprising flowing the gas stream comprising siloxanes through an adsorbent media to remove at least part of the siloxanes from the gas stream, wherein said adsorbent media comprises lignite-based activated carbon having a total porosity of from about 0.9 to about 2.0 mL/g.

37. The method of claim 36 , wherein the lignite-based activated carbon has pore sizes and a total pore volume, wherein at least about 25% of the total pore volume is from pore sizes of from 20 Å to 500 Å.

38. The method of claim 36 , wherein the lignite-based activated carbon has a molasses decolorizing efficiency of at least 50.

39. The method of claim 36 , wherein the lignite-based activated carbon has a total porosity of from about 0.9 to about 2.0 mL/g.

40. The method of claim 36 , wherein the lignite-based activated carbon has a BET surface area of from about 500 to about 650 m 2 /g.

41. The method of claim 36 , wherein the lignite-based activated carbon has a pH greater than 7.

42. The method of claim 36 , wherein the lignite-based activated carbon is in powder form or bound form.

43. The method of claim 36 , wherein the lignite-based activated carbon is in the form of granular particles, briquettes, or extruded pellets.

44. The method of claim 36 , wherein the lignite-based activated carbon is steam-activated unwashed lignite.

45. The method of claim 36 , wherein the adsorbent media comprises at least about 50 wt. % lignite-based activated carbon.

46. The method of claim 36 , wherein the adsorbent media is present as a homogenous bed of the lignite-based activated carbon.

47. The method of claim 36 , wherein the adsorbent media comprises a blend of the lignite-based activated carbon and at least one different kind of adsorbent media.

48. The method of claim 47 , wherein the adsorbent media comprises a blend of the lignite-based activated carbon and at least one different kind of activated carbon, and wherein at least one of the lignite-based activated carbon and the at least one different kind of activated carbon are impregnated with at least one impregnant that is a salt, an acid, or base.

49. The method of claim 36 , wherein the flowing of the gas stream through the adsorbent media removes at least about 95 wt. % of the volatile siloxanes from the gas stream.

50. The method of claim 36 , wherein the flowing of the gas through the adsorbent media removes at least about 95 wt. % of the volatile siloxanes for a time period that is at least about 2× longer than for adsorbent media containing an equal volume and same bed geometry of bituminous coal-based activated carbon instead of the lignite-based activated carbon.

51. The method of claim 36 , wherein the gas stream at the inlet side of the adsorbent media contains from about 1 ppm to about 25 ppm siloxanes.

52. The method of claim 36 , wherein the gas stream comprises volatile siloxanes, total reduced sulfur compounds and volatile organic compounds, when introduced at an inlet side of the adsorbent media.

53. The method of claim 36 , wherein the gas stream comprises landfill gas emissions.

54. The method of claim 36 , wherein the gas stream comprises gas emissions from anaerobic digestion.

55. An adsorbent media comprising lignite-based activated carbon and having siloxanes adsorbed or attached therein, wherein the lignite-based activated carbon has a pore size distribution of:

about 20% to about 36% of total pore volume from pore sizes less than 20 Å,

about 25% to about 40% of total pore volume from pore sizes of from 20 Å to 500 Å, and

about 40% to about 44% of total pore volume from pore sizes greater than 500 Å.