Synthesis models for antimicrobial agents via the halogenation of organic/inorganic composites

1. A method of forming a biocidal halogenated organic/inorganic composite material comprising:

providing at least one inorganic precursor chosen from a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal carbonate, a metal phosphate, a metal oxalate, a metal citrate, a metal halide, a metal sulfide, a metal selenide, or a metal telluride;

providing at least one organic agent, wherein the organic agent comprises at least 20 wt % organic nitrogen-containing moieties and the organic agent is protamine;

precipitating an organic/inorganic composite material by contacting the at least one inorganic precursor with the at least one organic agent; and halogenating the organic/inorganic composite material by contacting the organic/inorganic composite material with a halogen.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic agent comprises at least 30 wt % nitrogen-containing moieties.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic agent comprises at least 40 wt % nitrogen-containing moieties.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic agent comprises at least 50 wt % nitrogen-containing moieties.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic precursor comprises a ceramic, ceramic alloy, and/or ceramic mixtures.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic precursor comprises the metal oxide.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic precursor comprises silicic acid.

8. The method of claim 5 , wherein the inorganic precursor comprises TiBALDH.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide is silica or titania, or combinations thereof.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the halogen comprises one or more halogens selected from a group consisting of chlorine, bromine, and combinations thereof.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the halogen comprises a solution comprising a chloride.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the chloride is NaOCl.

13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising rinsing the biocidal halogenated organic/inorganic composite material with water.

14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising decontaminating a toxic chemical or biological agent susceptible to oxidation via halogen by contacting the toxic chemical or biological agent with the biocidal halogenated organic/inorganic composite material.

15. The method of claim 14 , further comprising reloading the biocidal halogenated organic/inorganic composite material by further contacting the biocidal halogenated organic/inorganic composite material with the halogen.

16. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying the biocidal halogenated organic/inorganic composite material to a surface.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the surface is a fibrous material.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the fibrous material comprises silk, wool, or combinations thereof.

19. The method of claim 16 , further comprising halogenating the organic/inorganic composite material after being applied to the surface.

20. A method of forming a biocidal halogenated organic/inorganic composite material comprising:

providing at least one inorganic precursor chosen from a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal carbonate, a metal phosphate, a metal oxalate, a metal citrate, a metal halide, a metals sulfide, a metal selenide, or a metal telluride;

providing at least one organic agent, wherein the organic agent comprises at least 20 wt % organic nitrogen-containing moieties, the organic agent is a peptide, and at least 25% of the amino acids of the peptide are arginine;

precipitating an organic/inorganic composite material by contacting the at least one inorganic precursor with the at least one organic agent; and halogenating the organic/inorganic composite material by contacting the organic/inorganic composite material with a halogen.

21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the organic agent comprises at least 30 wt % nitrogen-containing moieties.

22. The method of claim 20 , wherein the organic agent comprises at least 40 wt % nitrogen-containing moieties.

23. The method of claim 20 , wherein the organic agent comprises at least 50 wt % nitrogen-containing moieties.

24. The method of claim 20 , wherein the inorganic precursor comprises a ceramic, ceramic alloy, and/or ceramic mixtures.

25. The method of claim 20 , wherein the inorganic precursor comprises the metal oxide.

26. The method of claim 20 , wherein the inorganic precursor comprises silicic acid.

27. The method of claim 20 , wherein the inorganic precursor comprises TiBALDH.

28. The method of claim 20 , wherein the metal oxide is silica or titania, or combinations thereof.

29. The method of claim 20 , wherein the halogen comprises one or more halogens selected from a group consisting of chlorine, bromine, and combinations thereof.

30. The method of claim 20 , wherein the halogen comprises a solution comprising chloride.

31. The method of claim 30 , wherein the chloride is NaOCI.

32. The method of claim 20 , further comprising rinsing the biocidal halogenated organic/inorganic composite material with water.

33. The method of claim 20 , further comprising decontaminating a toxic chemical or biological agent susceptible to oxidation via halogen by contacting the toxic chemical or biological agent with the biocidal halogenated organic/inorganic composite material.

34. The method of claim 20 , further comprising reloading the biocidal halogenated organic/inorganic composite material by further contacting the biocidal halogenated organic/inorganic composite material with the halogen.

35. The method of claim 20 , further comprising applying the biocidal halogenated organic/inorganic composite material to a surface.

36. The method of claim 35 , wherein the surface is a fibrous material.

37. The method of claim 36 , wherein the fibrous material comprises silk, wool, or combinations thereof.

38. The method of claim 35 , further comprising halogenating the organic/inorganic composite material after being applied to the surface.