Method of quenching singlet and triplet excited states of pigments, such as porphyrin compounds, particularly protoporphyrin IX, with conjugated fused tricyclic compounds have electron withdrawing groups, to reduce generation of reactive oxygen species, particularly singlet oxygen

1. A method of quenching excited state energy from a pigment that has been excited by absorption of light having a wavelength in the wavelength range of 290-800 nm, comprising reacting a pigment with a conjugated fused tricyclic compound having electron withdrawing groups of Formula (II) or a salt thereof:

wherein:

A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, C═O, C═S,

B 1 , B 2 , D 1 , and D 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 , CCl 3 , NR 3 3 + , NO 2 , CN, C(═O)R 4 , C(═O)OR 1 , SO 2 R 5 , aryl, and —C═CHR 6 ;

each m independently is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and aryl;

R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkenyl, alkynyl, and aryl;

each R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 6 alkyl;

each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and aryl;

each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, NH 2 , and Cl; and,

each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and aryl,

wherein if B 1 ═CN, and B 2 ═C(O)OR 1 , then R 1 ≠alkyl or cycloalkyl.

2. A method of suppressing the generation of a reactive oxygen species selected from the group consisting of singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, peroxide, hydroxyl radical, hydroxyl ion, and mixtures thereof, by an excited pigment when mammalian endogenous pigment is exposed to light, thereby exciting the pigment to an excited state, by quenching the excited state of the pigment compound with a conjugated fused tricyclic compound having electron withdrawing groups of Formula (II) or a salt thereof:

wherein:

A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, C═O, C═S,

B 1 , B 2 , D 1 , and D 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 , CCl 3 , NR 3 3 + , NO 2 , CN, C(═O)R 4 , C(═O)OR 1 , SO 2 R 5 , aryl, and —C═CHR 6 ;

each m independently is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

n is 0 or 1;

each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and aryl;

R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and aryl;

each R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 6 alkyl;

each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and aryl;

each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, O − , OH, NH 2 , and Cl; and,

each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and aryl,

wherein if B 1 ═CN, and B 2 ═C(═O)OR 1 , then R 1 ≠alkyl or cycloalkyl

wherein if n=0, B 1 ═CN, then B 2 ≠CN, and

wherein if n=0, B 1 ═C(═O)OR 1 , and B 2 ═C(═O)OR 1 , then R 1 ≠alkyl or cycloalkyl.

3. A method of protecting skin from oxidative stress caused by the photogeneration of a reactive oxygen species from the group consisting of singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, peroxide, hydroxyl radical, hydroxyl ion, and mixtures thereof, comprising coating the skin with a pigment excited state quencher capable of accepting or donating an electron from or to a pigment compound in the excited state and returning the excited pigment compound to its ground state, said pigment quencher comprising a conjugated fused tricyclic compound having electron withdrawing groups of Formula (II) or a salt thereof:

wherein:

A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, C═O, C═S,

B 1 , B 2 , D 1 , and D 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 ; CCl 3 , NR 3 3 + , NO 2 , CN, C(═O)R 4 , C(═O)OR 1 , SO 2 R 5 , aryl, and —C═CHR 6 ;

each m independently is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

n is 0 or 1;

each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and aryl;

R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and aryl;

each R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 6 alkyl;

each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and aryl;

each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, O − , OH, NH 2 , and Cl; and,

each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and aryl,

wherein if B 1 ═CN, and B 2 ═C(═O)OR 1 , then R 1 ≠alkyl or cycloalkyl

wherein if n=0, CN, then B 2 ≠CN, and

wherein if n=0, B 1 ═C(═O)OR 1 , and B 2 ═C(═O)OR 1 , then R 1 ≠alkyl or cycloalkyl.

4. A method of protecting healthy cells adjacent to cancerous or pre-cancerous cells undergoing photodynamic therapy comprising applying a composition comprising a pigment excited state quencher compound to said adjacent cells to reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species from said healthy cells while the photodynamic therapy generates free radical oxygen from said cancerous or pre-cancerous cells, with a conjugated fused tricyclic compound having electron withdrawing groups of Formula (II) or a salt thereof:

wherein:

A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, C═O, C═S,

B 1 , B 2 , D 1 , and D 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 , CCl 3 , NR 3 3 + , NO 2 , CN, C(═O)R 4 , C(═O)OR′, SO 2 R 5 , aryl, and —C═CHR 6 ;

each m independently is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

n is 0 or 1;

each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and aryl;

R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and aryl;

each R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 6 alkyl;

each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and aryl;

each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, O − , OH, NH 2 , and Cl; and,

each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and aryl,

wherein if B 1 ═CN, and B 2 ═C(═O)OR 1 , then R 1 ≠alkyl or cycloalkyl

wherein if n=0, B 1 ═CN, then B 2 ≠CN, and

wherein if n=0, B 1 ═C(═O)OR 1 , and B 2 ═C(═O)OR 1 , then R 1 ≠alkyl or cycloalkyl.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pigment is selected from the group consisting of a melanin, hemoglobin, a bile pigment, a flavin, a pterin, urocanic acid, a porphyrin compound, and combinations thereof.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the pigment is a melanin selected from the group consisting of eumelanin, pheomelanin, neuromelanin, and combinations thereof.

7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the pigment is hemoglobin.

8. The method of claim 5 , wherein the pigment is a bile pigment selected from the group consisting of bilirubin, biliverdin, and a combination thereof.

9. The method of claim 5 , wherein the pigment is a flavin selected from the group consisting of riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide, a flavoprotein, flavin adenine dinucleotide, and combinations thereof.

10. The method of claim 5 , wherein the pigment is a pterin selected from the group consisting of pteridine, biopterin, tetrahydrobiopterin, molybdopterin, cyanopterin, tetrahydromethanopterin, folic acid, and combinations thereof.

11. The method of claim 5 , wherein the pigment is urocanic acid.

12. The method of claim 5 , wherein the porphyrin compound comprises a porphyrin moiety of Formula (I) or derivatives or tautomers thereof:

13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the porphyrin compound of Formula (I) comprises:

or a multimer thereof,

wherein:

R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , R 7e , R 7f , R 7g , R 7h are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, carboxyl, carboxylic ester, amino, sulfhydryl, aryl, and heteroaryl; and,

R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, carboxyl, carboxylic ester, amino, sulfhydryl, aryl, and heteroaryl.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein:

R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , R 7e , R 7f , R 7g , R 7h are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 6 unsubstituted alkyl, C 1 -C 6 hydroxyalkyl, C 1 -C 6 carboxyalkyl, C 1 -C 6 esteralkyl, C 1 -C 6 sulfhydrylalkyl C 1 -C 6 alkenyl, amino, aryl, and heteroaryl; and,

R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkenyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.

15. The method of claim 5 , wherein the porphyrin compound is selected from the group consisting of 5-azaprotoporphyrin IX, bis-porphyrin, coproporphyrin III, deuteroporphyrin, deuteroporphyrin IX dichloride, diformyl deuteroprophyrin IX, dodecaphenylporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, hematoporphyrin IX, hematoporphyrin monomer, hematoporphyrin dimer, hematoporphyrin derivative, hematoporphyrin derivative A, hematoporphyrin IX dihydrochloride, hematoporphyrin dihydrochloride, mesoporphyrin, mesoporphyrin IX, monohydroxyethylvinyl deuteroporphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetra(o-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetra(p-hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3-methoxyphenyl)-porphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)porphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)porphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)porphyrin, 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin, porphyrin c, protoporphyrin, protoporphyrin IX, tetra-(4-N-carboxyphenyl)-porphine, tetra-(3-methoxyphenyl)-porphine, tetra-(3-methoxy-2,4-difluorophenyl)-porphine, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine, tetra-(4-N-methylpyridyl)-porphine tetrachloride, tetra-(3-N-methylpyridyl)-porphine, tetra-(2-N-methylpyridyl)-porphine, tetra(4-N,N,N-trimethylanilinium)porphine, tetra-(4-N,N,N″-trimethylamino-phenyl)porphine tetrachloride, tetranaphthaloporphyrin, tetraphenylporphyrin, tetra-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-porphine, 4-sulfonatophenylporphine, uroporphyrin, uroporphyrin III, uroporphyrin IX, and uroporphyrin I, and esters thereof.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the porphyrin compound is selected from the group consisting of coproporphyrin III, coproporphyrin III tetramethylester, deuteroporphyrin, deuteroporphyrin DC dichloride, deuteroporphyrin IX dimethylester, hematoporphyrin, hematoporphyrin DC, hematoporphyrin derivative, hematoporphyrin derivative A, hematoporphyrin IX dihydrochloride, hematoporphyrin dihydrochloride, hematoporphyrin IX dimethylester, mesoporphyrin, mesoporphyrin dimethylester, mesoporphyrin IX, mesoporphyrin IX dimethylester, protoporphyrin, protoporphyrin DC, protoporphyrin dimethylester, protoporphyrin IX dimethylester, uroporphyrin, uroporphyrin III, uroporphyrin IX, and uroporphyrin I.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the porphyrin compound is selected from the group consisting of protoporphyrin IX, deuteroporphyrin IX dichloride, deuteroporphyrin IX dimethylester, hematoporphyrin, hematoporphyrin DC, hematoporphyrin derivative, mesoporphyrin dimethylester, mesoporphyrin IX, and mesoporphyrin IX dimethylester.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the porphyrin compound is protoporphyrin IX.

19. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

B 1 and B 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of CF 3 , CCl 3 , NR 3 3 + , NO 2 , CN, C(═O)R 4 , C(═O)OR 1 , SO 2 R 5 , aryl, and —C═CHR 6 ;

D 1 and D 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 , CCl 3 , NR 3 3 + , NO 2 , CN, C(═O)R 4 , C(═O)OR 1 , SO 2 R 5 , aryl, and —C═CHR 6 ;

each m independently is 0, 1, or 2;

n is 0 or 1;

each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and aryl;

R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and aryl;

each R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 6 alkyl;

each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and aryl;

each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, O − , OH, NH 2 , and Cl; and,

each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and aryl.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein:

B 1 and B 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of CN, C(═O)R 4 , C(═O)OR 1 , SO 2 R 5 ;

D 1 and D 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, CF 3 , CCl 3 , NR 3 3 + , NO 2 , CN, C(═O)R 4 , C(═O)OR 1 , and SO 2 R 5 ;

each m independently is 0, 1, or 2;

each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 1 -C 20 alkenyl, C 1 -C 20 alkynyl, and aryl;

R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and aryl;

each R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 4 alkyl;

each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 1 -C 20 alkenyl, C 1 -C 20 alkynyl, and aryl; and,

each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, O − , OH, NH 2 , and Cl.

21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conjugated fused tricyclic compound having electron withdrawing groups of Formula (II) is selected from the group consisting of:

and mixtures thereof.

22. The method of claim 21 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are each independently H, C 1 -C 20 alkyl.

23. The method of claim 22 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are each independently H, C 1- C 10 alkyl.

24. The method of claim 23 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are each independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, or decyl.

25. The method of claim 24 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are each independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, or 2-ethylhexyl.

26. The method of claim 24 , wherein the compound of Formula (II) is selected from the group consisting of:

and mixtures thereof.

27. A cosmetic or dermatological composition for coating a skin surface to protect the skin from getting damaging amounts of photogenerated reactive oxygen species when skin cell-contained or blood-contained pigments are exposed to sunlight, or other visible light comprising a cosmetically acceptable carrier, and a compound of Formula IIh, IIi, IIj, IIk, IIl, IIm, IIn or a combination thereof:

and mixtures thereof,

wherein:

each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and aryl; and,

R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and aryl.

28. The cosmetic or dermatological composition of claim 27 , wherein the compound of Formula IIb, IIc, IId, IIe, IIf, IIg, IIh, IIi, IIk, IIl, IIm, IIn, or a combination thereof, is present in an amount of about 0.01% by weight to about 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.

29. The cosmetic or dermatological composition of claim 27 further comprising an additional photoactive compound selected from the group consisting of p-aminobenzoic acid and salts and derivatives thereof; anthranilate and derivatives thereof; salicylate and derivatives thereof; cinnamic acid and derivatives thereof; dihydroxycinnamic acid and derivatives thereof; camphor and salts and derivatives thereof; trihydroxycinnamic acid and derivatives thereof; dibenzalacetone naptholsulfonate and salts and derivatives thereof; benzalacetophenone naphtholsulfonate and salts and derivatives thereof; dihydroxy-naphthoic acid and salts thereof; o-hydroxydiphenyldisulfonate and salts and derivatives thereof; p-hydroxydiphenyldisulfonate and salts and derivatives thereof; coumarin and derivatives thereof; di azole derivatives; quinine derivatives and salts thereof; quinoline derivatives; hydroxyl-substituted benzophenone derivatives; naphthalate derivatives; methoxy-substituted benzophenone derivatives; uric acid derivatives; vilouric acid derivatives; tannic acid and derivatives thereof; hydroquinone; benzophenone derivatives; 1,3,5-triazine derivatives; phenyldibenzimidazole tetrasulfonate and salts and derivatives thereof; terephthalyidene dicamphor sulfonic acid and salts and derivatives thereof; methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol and salts and derivatives thereof; bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine and salts, diethylamino hydroxyl benzoyl and derivatives thereof; and combinations of the foregoing.

30. A method of quenching excited state energy from a pigment that has been excited by absorption of light having a wavelength in the wavelength range of 290-800 nm, comprising reacting a pigment with a conjugated fused tricyclic compound having electron withdrawing groups of Formula (II-2) or a salt thereof:

wherein:

B 1 , B 2 , D 1 , and D 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 , CCl 3 , NR 2 3 + , NO 2 , CN, C(═O)R 3 , C(═O)OR 1 , SO 2 R 4 , aryl, and —C═CHR 5 ;

each m independently is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and aryl;

each R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 6 alkyl;

each R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and aryl;

each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, O − , OH, NH 2 , and Cl; and,

each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and aryl,

wherein if B 1 CN, and B 2 ═C(═O)OR 1 , then R 1 ≠alkyl or cycloalkyl,

Wherein if B 1 ═CN, then B 2 ≠CN, and

wherein if B 1 ═C(═O)OR 1 , and B 2 ═C(═O)OR 1 , then R 1 ≠alkyl or cycloalkyl.

31. The method of claim 21 , further comprising reacting the pigment with a conjugated fused tricyclic compound according to Formula (II) selected from the group consisting of:

32. The method of claim 26 , further comprising reacting the pigment with a conjugated fused tricyclic compound according to Formula (II) selected from the group consisting of:

33. A cosmetic or dermatological composition according to claim 27 , further comprising a compound according to Formula (II) selected from the group consisting of IIb, IIc, IId, IIe, IIf, and IIg: