Use of supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) catalyst systems in the hydroformylation of olefin-containing mixtures to aldehyde mixtures with a high content of aldehydes unbranched in the 2 position

1. A composition, comprising:

an inert, porous support material,

an ionic liquid,

a group 9 metal,

a phosphorus-comprising organic ligand, and

an organic amine.

2. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the inert, porous support material is selected from the group consisting of aluminium oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, silicon carbide, carbon, and any mixture thereof.

3. The composition according to claim 2 , wherein the inert, porous support material has

a BET surface area of from 50 to 800 m 2 /g,

a pore volume of from 0.1 to 2.0 ml/g, and

a mean pore diameter of from 2-80 nm.

4. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the inert, porous support material has a size of from 1-10 mm and a three-dimensional

spherical,

cylindrical,

ellipsoidal, or

polylobular shape, and

the inert, porous support material is obtained by a process comprising adding a binder into the material, wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of alumina, a ceramic clay, and a colloid.

5. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein

an anion of the ionic liquid is selected from the group consisting of: tetrafluoroborate ([BF 4 ] − ); hexafluorophosphate ([PF 6 ] − ); dicyanamide ([N(CN) 2 ] − ); bis(trifluoromethylsulphonyl)imide ([NTf 2 ] − ); tricyanomethide ([C(CN) 3 ] − ); tetracyanoborate ([B(CN) 4 ] − ); a halide selected from the group consisting of Cl − , Br − , F − , and I − ; hexafluoroantimonate ([SbF 6 ] − ); hexafluoroarsenate ([AsF 6 ] − ); sulphate ([SO 4 ] 2− ); tosylate ([C 7 H 7 SO 3 ] − ); triflate ([CF 3 SO 3 ] − ); nonaflate ([C 4 F 9 SO 3 ] − ); tris-(pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate ([PF 3 (C 2 F 5 ) 3 ] − ); thiocyanate ([SCN] − ); carbonate ([CO 3 ] 2− ); [R′—COO] − ; [R′—SO 3 ] − ; [R′PO 4 R″] − ; and [(R′—SO 2 )2N] − ;

wherein R′ and R″ each is independently a linear or branched aliphatic or alicyclic residue comprising 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a C 5 -C 18 substituted aryl, a C 5 -C 18 substituted aryl-C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or a C 1 -C 6 alkyl-C 5 -C 18 substituted aryl residue, which is optionally substituted with halogen atoms;

and a cation of the ionic liquid is selected from the group consisting of:

a quaternary ammonium cation of a general formula [NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ] + ;

a phosphonium cation of a general formula [PR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ] + ;

an imidazolium cation of a general formula comprising an imidazole nucleus as shown below

wherein the imidazole nucleus is optionally substituted with at least one group R selected from the group consisting of a C1-C6 alkyl, a C1-C6 alkoxy, a C1-C6 substituted aminoalkyl, a C5-C12 substituted aryl, and a C5-C12 substituted aryl-C1-C6 alkyl group;

a pyridinium cation of a general formula comprising a pyridine nucleus as shown below

wherein the pyridine nucleus is optionally substituted with at least one group R selected from the group consisting of a C1-C6 alkyl, a C1-C6 alkoxy, a C1-C6 substituted aminoalkyl, a C5-C12 substituted aryl, and a C5-C12 substituted aryl-C1-C6 alkyl group;

a pyrazolium cation of a general formula comprising a pyrazole nucleus as shown below

wherein the pyrazole nucleus is optionally substituted with at least one group R selected from the group consisting of a C1-C6 alkyl, a C1-C6 alkoxy, a C1-C6 substituted aminoalkyl, a C5-C12 substituted aryl, and a C5-C12 substituted aryl-C1-C6 alkyl group; and

a triazolium cation of a general formula comprising a triazole nucleus as shown below

wherein the triazole nucleus is optionally substituted with at least one group R selected from the group consisting of a C1-C6 alkyl, a C1-C6 alkoxy, a C1-C6 substituted aminoalkyl, a C5-C12 substituted aryl, and a C5-C12 substituted aryl-C1-C6 alkyl group,

and R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 each is independently selected from the group consisting of:

hydrogen;

a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or alicyclic alkyl group comprising 1 to 20 carbon atoms;

a heteroaryl- or a heteroaryl-C1-C6 alkyl group comprising a heteroaryl residue, 3 to 8 carbon atoms in the heteroaryl residue, and at least one hetero atom selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, wherein the hetero atom is optionally substituted with at least one selected from the group consisting of a C1-C6 alkyl group and a halogen atom; and

an aryl or an aryl-C1-C6 alkyl group comprising an aryl residue and 5 to 12 carbon atoms in the aryl residue, wherein the aryl residue is optionally substituted with at least one selected from the group consisting of a C1-C6 alkyl group and a halogen atom.

6. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the ionic liquid is selected from the group consisting of:

1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulphonyl)imide,

1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, and

1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate.

7. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the group 9 metal is rhodium.

8. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the phosphorus-comprising organic ligand comprises a phosphorus-oxygen covalent bond or a phosphorus-nitrogen covalent bond.

9. The composition according to claim 8 , wherein the phosphorus-comprising organic ligand is selected from the group comprising consisting of:

[6,6-((3,3′-di-tert-butyl-5,5′-dimethoxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2,2′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine)] of formula VII

[2,2′4(3,3′-di-tert-butyl-5,5′-dimethoxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2,2′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(4,4,5,5-tetraphenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane)] of formula VIII, and

Tris-(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite of formula IX

10. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the organic amine is selected from the group consisting of:

an amine of formula X

wherein Ra, Rb, Rc, Rd, Re and Rf each is independently a hydrocarbon residue which is optionally bound to one another,

and

a tertiary amine selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic amine, an aromatic amine, a cycloaliphatic amine, a heteroaromatic amine, and any mixture thereof.

11. The composition according to claim 10 , wherein the organic amine comprises a compound comprising a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine unit of formula XI:

wherein R represents an organic residue, H, a hydroxyl group or a halogen.

12. The composition according to claim 11 , wherein the organic amine comprises a compound of a formula selected from the group consisting of XIa, XIb, XIc, XId, XIe, XIf, XIg, and XIh:

13. The composition according to claim 10 , wherein the organic amine further comprises an organic amine of a formula selected from the group consisting of XIIa, XIIb, XIIc, XIId, XIIe, XIIf, XIIg, XIIh, XIII, and XIIj:

14. A multiphase reaction mixture, comprising:

an olefin-comprising hydrocarbon mixture,

a gas mixture comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen,

an aldehyde, and

the composition according to claim 1 .

15. A process for hydroformylation of an olefin-comprising hydrocarbon mixture to an aldehyde, the process comprising:

adjusting a water content of the olefin-comprising hydrocarbon mixture to at most 20 ppm,

adjusting a content of multiply unsaturated compounds in the olefin-comprising hydrocarbon mixture to at most 3000 ppm, and

adding the composition according to claim 1 to the olefin-comprising hydrocarbon mixture, thereby obtaining a reaction mixture, and finally the aldehyde,

wherein

the organic amine is selected from the group consisting of an amine of formula X

wherein Ra, Rb, Rc, Rd, Re and Rf each is independently a hydrocarbon residue which is optionally bound to one another,

and a tertiary amine selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic amine, an aromatic amine, a cycloaliphatic amine, a heteroaromatic amine, and any mixture thereof:

the phosphorus-comprising organic ligand comprises a phosphorus-oxygen covalent bond or a phosphorus-nitrogen covalent bond;

the group 9 metal is rhodium;

a molar ratio of the organic amine to the phosphorus-comprising organic ligand is at least 4:1; and

a molar ratio of the phosphorus-comprising organic to rhodium is at least 10:1.

16. The process according to claim 15 , wherein the reaction mixture is periodically subjected to a stripping gas treatment for removing the aldehyde.

17. The process according to claim 16 , wherein the stripping gas is selected from the group consisting of:

a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen;

a mixture of C2-C6 alkanes;

a mixture of C2-C6 alkanes and C2-C6 alkenes; and

an inert gas.

18. The process according to claim 15 , wherein after obtaining the aldehyde, a part of a gaseous reaction mixture is fed back into the reaction mixture.

19. The process according to claim 15 , wherein the olefin-comprising hydrocarbon mixture is selected from the group consisting of:

ethylene,

propylene,

a C4 olefin and a multiply unsaturated compound, and

a C5 olefin and a multiply unsaturated compound.