Centrifugal casting method and apparatus
View Patent ↗A method and apparatus for centrifugal casting, in which transfer functions are developed relating the fluidity of molten metal, for example iron of varying composition, to casting machine movement for a particular mold in order to cast objects, for example pipe, having desired and uniform characteristics, including wall thickness. Fluidity is calculated for each pour of molten metal based on the measured pour temperature and measured liquidus arrest temperature. A drive system controlled by a programmable logic controller moves the casting machine in accordance with the output of the transfer functions based on the calculated fluidity.
1. A method of centrifugally casting an object from a container of molten metal, said molten metal having a liquidus arrest temperature and, when poured, a pour temperature, comprising:
measuring the liquidus arrest temperature of the molten metal in the container;
pouring the molten metal into a trough to deliver the molten metal to a rotating mold;
measuring the pour temperature of the molten metal poured into the trough;
calculating fluidity of the molten metal based upon the measured liquidus arrest temperature and measured pour temperature;
moving the mold relative to the trough to dispose molten metal into the mold, wherein said movement is controlled based on said calculated fluidity to deliver a volume of molten metal to said mold to cast said object in accordance with predetermined specifications.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said movement is controlled in accordance with a transfer function relating fluidity to volumetric requirements for an object of said predetermined specifications on said mold.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein said transfer function is empirically derived.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said pouring step comprises a predetermined period of time, and wherein said transfer function comprises a plurality of equations, each said equation corresponding to an identified segment of said time period.
5. A The method of claim 4 , wherein said equations are selected from the group consisting of:
(a) a first delay equation corresponding to the time segment from when molten metal leaves the end of the trough until a predetermined volume of molten metal is disposed in the mold;
(b) an acceleration equation corresponding to a time segment in which the flow rate of said molten iron in said trough increases after said predetermined volume of molten metal reaches said mold;
(c) a deceleration equation corresponding to a time segment in which the flow rate of said molten iron in said trough decreases after the container stops pouring molten metal into the trough; and
(d) a second delay equation corresponding to a time segment from the ending of said time period until molten metal stops being disposed into said mold from said trough.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein said mold has a plurality of sections, each said section having a volumetric requirement, an identified segment of said time period corresponds to each said section.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein multiple container loads of molten metal are cast into objects, each container load of molten metal having a chemical composition, wherein the chemical composition of said molten metal is variable from a first container load to a second container load.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein a treating ladle contains a sufficient volume of molten metal to cast multiple objects, and a second volume of said molten metal to cast a single object is transferred to said container, and the pour temperature of said molten iron in said container is measured each time molten metal is poured for casting each said object.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the liquidus arrest temperature of said treating ladle of molten iron is measured only once for such casting of multiple objects.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein said object is pipe and said metal is an alloy of iron.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein said mold comprises a plurality of sections, said portions comprising a bell, a spigot, and a barrel between said bell and said spigot.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein said movement is controlled in accordance with a transfer function relating fluidity to volumetric requirements for a pipe having a bell, a spigot, and a barrel with predetermined specifications 11 .
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein said predetermined specifications comprise wall thickness of said pipe.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein said predetermined specifications comprise wall thickness of said pipe at predetermined intervals along the length of said pipe.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the wall thickness at said predetermined intervals is selected from the group consisting of: constant thickness within a defined tolerance; variable thickness within a predefined tolerance.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein said predetermined specifications comprise a pipe having a cross section changing in dimension across at least a portion of the length of the pipe.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein said transfer function comprises a plurality of equations, an equation of said plurality corresponding to each of the bell, spigot, and barrel sections of said mold.
18. The method of claim 12 , wherein said transfer function comprises a plurality of equations, said equations are selected from the group consisting of:
(a) a flag delay time equation;
(b) a bell acceleration equation;
(c) a spigot deceleration equation; and
(d) a spigot check equation.