Organic semiconductor formulations

1. An organic semiconductor formulation comprising an n-type organic semiconducting compound in a liquid medium, wherein the liquid medium consists essentially of a first liquid and optionally a second liquid, the first liquid being an electron rich liquid comprising an aromatic compound having either at least one electron-donating functional group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, a thiol group, an alkylthio group, a phosphine group and an amino group as a substituent, an electron-rich aromatic core, or both, and is in liquid state at about 1 atm at a temperature of 50° C. or less, and the second liquid is selected from the group consisting of petroleum ethers, acetonitrile, non-halogenated aromatic solvents benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, 1-methyl naphthalene, 2-methyl naphthalene, 1-ethyl naphthalene, 2-ethyl naphthalene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, mesitylene, tetraline, indane, indene, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether, diethyl ether, di-isopropyl ether, t-butyl methyl ether, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl formate, ethyl formate, isopropyl acetate, butyl acetate, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone and 2-methypyrrolidone.

2. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the electron rich liquid is represented by the formula:

wherein:

Ar is a phenyl group or a naphthyl group optionally substituted with 1-4 groups independently selected from Cl and a C 1-6 alkyl group;

Ar′ is an electron-rich 5-14 membered heteroaryl group or a phenyl group fused to an electron-rich 5-, 6- or 7-membered cycloheteroalkyl group optionally substituted with 1-4 groups independently selected from Cl and a C 1-6 alkyl group;

FG ed , at each occurrence, independently is selected from —Y—OH, —Y—OR a , —Y—SH, —Y—SR a , —P(R a ) 2 , —NH 2 , —NHNH 2 , —NHR a , and —N(R a ) 2 ; wherein R a , at each occurrence, independently is a C 1-20 alkyl group, a —Y—C 6-14 aryl group, a —Y—C 3-14 cycloalkyl group, -L-OH or -L-O—C 1-20 alkyl group; L is a divalent C 1-20 alkyl group, —Y—C 6-14 aryl-Y—, or —Y—C 3-14 cycloalkyl-Y—; Y is a divalent C 1-20 alkyl group or a covalent bond; and each of the C 6-14 aryl group and the C 3-14 cycloalkyl group optionally is substituted with 1-4 groups independently selected from a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, a hydroxyl group, and an amino group;

n is 1, 2, 3 or 4;

n′ is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;

p is 0, 1 or 2; and

y is 0 or 1.

3. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the aromatic compound has a core selected from the group consisting of benzene, naphthalene, tetrahydronaphthalene, thiophene, furan, pyrrole, benzothiophene, benzofuran, indole, isoindole, and carbazole, where the core is substituted with at least one FG ed selected from the group consisting of —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-20 alkyl), —N(C 1-20 alkyl) 2 , —NHNH 2 , —NH(C 1-20 alkanol), —N(C 1-20 alkanol) 2 , —NH(C 1-20 alkyl-O—C 1-20 alkyl), —N(C 1-20 alkyl-O—C 1-20 alkyl) 2 , —OH, a C 1-20 alkoxy group, —C 1-20 alkyl-OH, —C 1-20 alkyl group-O—C 1-20 alkyl group, —O—C 1-20 alkyl-OH, —O—C 1-20 alkyl-O—C 1-20 alkyl group, —SH, a C 1-20 alkylthio group, —C 1-20 alkyl-SH, —C 1-20 alkyl-S—C 1-20 alkyl group, —S—C 1-20 alkyl-OH, —S—C 1-20 alkyl-O—C 1-20 alkyl group, —PH 2 , —PH—C 1-20 alkyl group, and —P(C 1-20 alkyl) 2 group.

4. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the aromatic compound has a core consisting of a phenyl group fused to a cycloheteroalkyl group selected from the group consisting of:

wherein R is H or a C 1-6 alkyl group; p′ is 1, 2 or 3, and the phenyl group optionally is substituted with 1-4 groups independently selected from Cl and a C 1-6 alkyl group.

5. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the electron rich liquid is an aniline-based compound selected from the group consisting of aniline, alkyl-substituted anilines, alkoxy-substituted anilines, alkyothio-substituted anilines, N-substituted anilines, and N,N′-disubstituted anilines.

6. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the electron-rich liquid is a benzene-based alcohol selected from the group consisting of o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, 2-methoxyphenol, 3-methoxyphenol, 4-methoxyphenol, 4-aminobenzylalcohol, 2-phenoxyethanol, 3-phenoxy-1-propanol, 4-phenoxy-1-butanol, 5-phenoxy-1-heptanol, 6-phenoxy-1-hexanol, 2-(2-methylphenoxyl)ethan-1-ol, 2-(3-methylphenoxyl)ethan-1-ol, 2-(4-methylphenoxyl)ethan-1-ol, phenoxymethanol, 2-(2-methoxyphenoxyl)ethan-1-ol, 2-(3-methoxyphenoxyl)ethan-1-ol, 2-(4-methoxyphenoxyl)ethan-1-ol, 2-(2-methylphenoxyl)ethanol, 2-(3-methylphenoxyl)ethanol, 2-(4-methylphenoxyl)ethanol, 2-(4-methoxyphenoxyl)ethanol, 2-(3-methoxyphenoxyl)ethan-1-ol, 2-(2-methoxyphenoxyl)ethan-1-ol, 3-(phenylsulfanyl)propan-1-ol, 2-phenylthioethanol, phenylsulfanylmethanol, N-phenyldiethanolamine, N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylaniline, 2-(methylphenylamino)ethanol, 2-[methyl(2-methylphenyl)amino]-ethanol, 2-[methyl(3-methylphenyl)amino]-ethanol, 2-[methyl(4-methylphenyl)amino]-ethanol, N-hydroxyethylaniline ethanol, 2-[methyl(2-methoxyphenyl)amino]-ethanol, 2-[methyl(3-methoxyphenyl)amino]-ethanol, and 2-[methyl(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-ethanol.

7. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the electron-rich liquid is selected from the group consisting of an anisole-based compound, a thiophenol-based compound, an alkylthio-substituted benzene compound, and a phenylphosphine.

8. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the electron-rich liquid is selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted indoline, an optionally substituted benzodioxole, an optionally substituted chromane, and an optionally substituted dihydrobenzofuran.

9. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the n-type organic semiconducting compound is a cyanated perylene diimide or a cyanated naphthalene diimide selected from the group consisting of N,N′-bis(cyclohexyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyano-perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (CN 2 PDI); N,N′-bis(1H-perfluorobutyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-di-cyano-perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis(n-octyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-di-cyano-perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI-8CN 2 ); N,N′-bis(n-octyl)-2,6-di-cyanonaphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide) (NDI-8CN 2 ); N,N′-bis(2-methylhexyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis[(35)-3,7-dimethyl-6-octenyl]-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis(4-n-hexylphenyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis(4-n-dodecylphenyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis {4-[(35)-3,7-dimethyl-6-octenyl]phenyl}-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis(4-heptyloxyphenyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis(4-biphenylyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis[4-(4′-n-octylbiphenylyl)]-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis{4-[4′-((3S)-3,7-dimethyl-6-octenyl]biphenylyl}-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis[4-(2′,3′,4′,5′,6′-pentafluorobiphenyl)]-(1,7 & 1,6)-dibromoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis[4-(4′-n-octyl-2′,3′,5′,6′-tetrafluorobiphenyl)]-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis[4-(4′-n-octyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobiphenyl)]-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis(benzyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis(4-n-butylbenzyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis(4-sec-butylphenyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis {4-[(3S)-3,7-dimethyl-6-octenyloxy]benzyl}-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis(4-benzylphenyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis {4-[1-(2-phenylethyl)]phenyl}-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis(4-n-benzoylphenyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis(1-methylbutyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis(1-methylpentyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis(1-methylhexyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis(1-ethylpropyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis(1-ethylbutyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis(1-ethylpentyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); N,N′-bis(1-ethylhexyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide); and N,N′-bis(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-(1,7 & 1,6)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide).

10. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the second liquid is a non-halogenated aromatic solvent selected from the group consisting of benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, cyclohexylbenzene, 1-methyl naphthalene, 2-methyl naphthalene, 1-ethyl naphthalene, 2-ethyl naphthalene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, mesitylene, tetraline, indane, and indene.

11. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the first liquid is present in an amount of about 10 vol % to about 50 vol % of the total volume of the formulation, and the second liquid is present in an amount of about 50 vol % to about 90 vol % of the total volume of the formulation.

12. The formulation of claim 1 further comprising an aromatic additive present at a weight ratio relative to the n-type organic semiconducting compound in the range of 0.02:1 to 50:1, wherein the aromatic additive is selected from the group consisting of 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroanthracene, 9H-fluorene, 9,9-dimethylfluorene, 1,5-dimethylnaphthalene, 1,5-diethylnaphthalene, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, 2,6-diethylnaphthalene, 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene, 1,4-diethylnaphthalene, anthracene, 2-methylanthracene, 1-methylanthracene, 9-methylanthracene, dimethylanthracene, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12-dodecahydrotriphenylene, 1,2-dihydroacenaphthylene, pyrene, 1-methylpyrene, 2-methylpyrene, 4-pyrene, perylene, 1-methylperylene, 2-methylperylene, 3-methylperylene, biphenyl, 4,4′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl, 3,3′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl, 2,2′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl, 4-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl, 3-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl, 2-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl, 2-fluoroanthracene, 1-fluoroanthracene, 9-fluoroanthracene, difluoroanthracene, 1-fluoropyrene, 2-fluoropyrene, 4-fluoropyrene, 1-fluoroperylene, 2-fluoroperylene, 3-fluoroperylene, 4,4′-difluoro-1,1′-biphenyl, 3,3′-difluoro-1,1′-biphenyl, 2,2′-difluoro-1,1′-biphenyl, 4-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl, 3-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl, 2-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl, and 4-methoxy-1-naphthonitrile.

13. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the n-type organic semiconducting compound is a fused ring tetracarboxylic diimide, and wherein the liquid medium essentially consists of the first liquid, the first liquid being an aniline-based compound selected from the group consisting of aniline, alkyl-substituted anilines, alkoxy-substituted anilines, alkyothio-substituted anilines, N-substituted anilines, and N,N′-disubstituted anilines.

14. The formulation of claim 13 , wherein the n-type organic semiconducting compound is a cyanated perylene diimide.

15. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the n-type organic semiconducting compound is a fused ring tetracarboxylic diimide, and wherein the liquid medium essentially consists of the first liquid and the second liquid, the first liquid being an aniline-based compound selected from the group consisting of aniline, alkyl-substituted anilines, alkoxy-substituted anilines, alkyothio-substituted anilines, N-substituted anilines, and N,N′-disubstituted anilines; and the second liquid being selected from the group consisting of petroleum ethers, acetonitrile, benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, 1-methyl naphthalene, 2-methyl naphthalene, 1-ethyl naphthalene, 2-ethyl naphthalene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, mesitylene, tetraline, indane, indene, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether, diethyl ether, di-isopropyl ether, t-butyl methyl ether, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl formate, ethyl formate, isopropyl acetate, butyl acetate, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, and 2-methypyrrolidone.

16. The formulation of claim 15 , wherein the n-type organic semiconducting compound is a cyanated perylene diimide.

17. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the n-type organic semiconducting compound is a fused ring tetracarboxylic diimide, and wherein the liquid medium essentially consists of the first liquid, the first liquid being an anisole-based compound, an alkoxy-substituted benzene compound, or a polyether-substituted benzene compound selected from the group consisting of anisole, 2-chloroanisole, 3-chloroanisole, 4-chloroanisole, 4-fluoroanisole, 3-fluoroanisole, 2-fluoroanisole, ethoxybenzene, propoxybenzene, butoxybenzene, 4-methylanisole, 3-methylanisole, 2-methylanisole, 2-ethylanisole, 3-ethylanisole, 4-ethylanisole, 2,3-dimethylanisole, 2,4-dimethylanisole, 2,5-dimethylanisole, 2,6-dimethylanisole, 3,4-dimethylanisole, 3,5-dimethylanisole, 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, 1-ethoxy-4-methoxybenzene, 1-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzene, 1-ethoxy-2-methoxybenzene, 2,3-dimethoxytoluene, 2,4-dimethoxytoluene, 2,5-dimethoxytoluene, 2,6-dimethoxytoluene, 3,4-dimethoxytoluene, 3,5-dimethoxytoluene, 4-ethoxytoluene, 3-ethoxytoluene, 2-ethoxytoluene, 1-ethoxy-2-ethylbenzene, 1-ethoxy-3-ethylbenzene, 1-ethoxy-4-ethylbenzene, 1-(methoxymethoxy)benzene, (2-methoxyethoxy)benzene, and (3-methoxypropoxy)benzene.

18. The formulation of claim 17 , wherein the n-type organic semiconducting compound is a cyanated perylene diimide.

19. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the n-type organic semiconducting compound is a fused ring tetracarboxylic diimide, and wherein the liquid medium essentially consists of the first liquid and the second liquid, the first liquid being an anisole-based compound, an alkoxy-substituted benzene compound, or a polyether-substituted benzene compound selected from the group consisting of anisole, 2-chloroanisole, 3-chloroanisole, 4-chloroanisole, 4-fluoroanisole, 3-fluoroanisole, 2-fluoroanisole, ethoxybenzene, propoxybenzene, butoxybenzene, 4-methylanisole, 3-methylanisole, 2-methylanisole, 2-ethylanisole, 3-ethylanisole, 4-ethylanisole, 2,3-dimethylanisole, 2,4-dimethylanisole, 2,5-dimethylanisole, 2,6-dimethylanisole, 3,4-dimethylanisole, 3,5-dimethylanisole, 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, 1-ethoxy-4-methoxybenzene, 1-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzene, 1-ethoxy-2-methoxybenzene, 2,3-dimethoxytoluene, 2,4-dimethoxytoluene, 2,5-dimethoxytoluene, 2,6-dimethoxytoluene, 3,4-dimethoxytoluene, 3,5-dimethoxytoluene, 4-ethoxytoluene, 3-ethoxytoluene, 2-ethoxytoluene, 1-ethoxy-2-ethylbenzene, 1-ethoxy-3-ethylbenzene, 1-ethoxy-4-ethylbenzene, 1-(methoxymethoxy)benzene, (2-methoxyethoxy)benzene, and (3-methoxypropoxy)benzene; and the second liquid being selected from the group consisting of petroleum ethers, acetonitrile, benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, 1-methyl naphthalene, 2-methyl naphthalene, 1-ethyl naphthalene, 2-ethyl naphthalene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, mesitylene, tetraline, indane, indene, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether, diethyl ether, di-isopropyl ether, t-butyl methyl ether, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl formate, ethyl formate, isopropyl acetate, butyl acetate, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, and 2-methypyrrolidone.

20. The formulation of claim 19 , wherein the n-type organic semiconducting compound is a cyanated perylene diimide.