Acoustophoretic multi-component separation technology platform
A system having improved trapping force for acoustophoresis is described where the trapping force is improved by manipulation of the frequency of the ultrasonic transducer. The transducer includes a ceramic crystal. The crystal may be directly exposed to fluid flow. The crystal may be air backed, resulting in a higher Q factor.
1. A method of separating impurities from a host fluid, the method comprising:
providing a flow chamber with a source of acoustic energy that includes an initial shape, and, on an opposing side of the flow chamber, a reflector of acoustic energy;
flowing the host fluid through the flow chamber;
driving the source of acoustic energy at a frequency that generates a higher order mode shape than the initial shape to generate a three-dimensional ultrasonic standing wave in the host fluid, wherein the three-dimensional ultrasonic standing wave results in an acoustic radiation force that includes an axial component and a lateral component that are of the same order of magnitude;
trapping the impurities in the three-dimensional ultrasonic standing wave against the flowing host fluid with the acoustic radiation force;
coalescing or agglomerating the impurities with the acoustic radiation force such that the impurities are concentrated and grow in size; and
growing the concentrated impurities in size until the gravitational or buoyancy forces on the concentrated impurities overcome at least the acoustic radiation force on the concentrated impurities such that they exit the three-dimensional ultrasonic standing wave.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the host fluid is continuously flowed through the flow chamber.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the standing wave creates nodal lines and the lateral component traps the impurities in the nodal lines.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising driving the impurities to pressure nodal or anti-nodal planes to permit the impurities to coalesce or agglomerate.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the flow chamber has an inlet and an outlet;
the source of acoustic energy is an ultrasonic transducer on a wall of the flow chamber, the transducer including a ceramic crystal that defines a side of the transducer, the transducer being driven by an oscillating, periodic, or pulsed voltage signal at an ultrasonic resonance frequency which drives the transducer to create the three-dimensional ultrasonic standing waves in the flow chamber; and
the reflector of acoustic energy is located on a wall on the opposite side of the flow chamber from the transducer.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the crystal is driven in a non-uniform displacement mode.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the crystal is driven in a higher order mode shape having more than one nodal trapping line.
8. The method of claim 5 , wherein the ceramic crystal of the transducer is directly exposed to the host fluid flowing through the flow chamber.
9. The method of claim 5 , wherein the ceramic crystal is made of PZT-8.
10. The method of claim 5 , wherein the transducer has a housing containing the ceramic crystal.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the housing includes a top and an air gap, the air gap being disposed between the top and the ceramic crystal.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the ceramic crystal does not have a backing layer.
13. The method of claim 5 , wherein the flow chamber has a collection pocket in a wall of the flow chamber.
14. The method of claim 5 , wherein the reflector of acoustic energy is steel or tungsten.
15. The method of claim 5 , wherein the flow chamber further includes a diffuser at the inlet.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the diffuser has a grid device for uniform flow.
17. The method of claim 5 , wherein the ceramic crystal is square.
18. The method of claim 5 , wherein the crystal is backed by a substantially acoustically transparent material.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the substantially acoustically transparent material is balsa wood or cork.
20. The method of claim 5 , wherein the ultrasonic transducer has a face that contacts the host fluid, the face coated with a wear layer comprising one of chrome, electrolytic nickel, or electroless nickel, p-xylylene, and urethane.
21. A process for separating a second fluid or particulate from a host fluid, comprising:
flowing the host fluid containing the second fluid or particulate through an apparatus comprising:
a flow chamber that includes an inlet and an outlet;
an ultrasonic transducer with an initial shape coupled to the flow chamber; and
a reflector on an opposite side of the flow chamber from the ultrasonic transducer; and
driving the ultrasonic transducer at a frequency that generates a higher order mode shape than the initial shape to generate a three-dimensional ultrasonic standing wave in the flow chamber, wherein the three-dimensional ultrasonic standing wave results in an acoustic radiation force that includes an axial component and a lateral component that are of the same order of magnitude;
wherein the second fluid or particulate is trapped in the three-dimensional ultrasonic standing wave and separated from the host fluid.
22. The method of claim 21 , further comprising driving the second fluid or particulate to pressure nodal or anti-nodal planes to permit the second fluid or particulate to coalesce or agglomerate.