Synthesis, capping and dispersion of nanocrystals
Preparation of semiconductor nanocrystals and their dispersions in solvents and other media is described. The nanocrystals described herein have small (1-10 nm) particle size with minimal aggregation and can be synthesized with high yield. The capping agents on the as-synthesized nanocrystals as well as nanocrystals which have undergone cap exchange reactions result in the formation of stable suspensions in polar and nonpolar solvents which may then result in the formation of high quality nanocomposite films.
1. A zirconia nanocrystal dispersion comprising a dispersion solvent, said dispersion having a minimum transmittance of larger than 15% when measured in a cuvette with a 10 mm path length in the wavelength region from 400 nm to 750 nm when the dispersion contains 10% by weight nanocrystals in the dispersion solvent,
said zirconia nanocrystals of the dispersion comprising at least one capping agent, and wherein the dispersion has a free capping agent concentration below 100,000 micrograms/ml as measured by GC.
2. The dispersion of claim 1 , wherein said capping agent comprises at least one of n-propyltrimethoxysilane, n-propyltriethoxysilane, n-octyltrimethoxysilane, n-octyltriethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, 2-[methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]-trimethoxysilane, methoxytri(ethyleneoxy)propyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(methacryloyloxy)propyl trimethoxysilane, 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-isocyanatopropyltrimethoxysilane, and glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, heptanol, hexanol, octanol, benzyl alcohol, phenol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, oleylalcohol, dodecylalcohol, octadecanol and triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, octanoic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid, oleic acid, benzoic acid or a mixture thereof.
3. The dispersion of claim 1 further comprising at least one of poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), celluloid, cellulose acetate, poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) (EVA), poly(ethylene vinyl alcohol) (EVOH), fluoroplastics, polyacrylates (Acrylic), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyamide (PA or Nylon), polyamide-imide (PAI), polyaryletherketone (PAEK), polybutadiene (PBD), polybutylene (PB), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polycaprolactone (PCL), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate (PCT), polycarbonate (PC), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), polyketone (PK), polyester, polyethylene (PE), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), polyetherimide (PEI), polyethersulfone (PES), polyethylenechlorinates (PEC), polyimide (PI), polylactic acid (PLA), polymethylpentene (PMP), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyphthalamide (PPA), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polysulfone (PSU), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), polyurethane (PU), polyvinyl acetate (PVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), poly(styrene-acrylonitrile) (SAN), a spin-on-glass (SOG) polymer, siloxane-spin-on polymers, a silicone, or a mixture thereof.
4. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein said dispersion solvent is at least one of tetrahydrofuran, ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME), propylene glycol monopropyl ether (PGPE), ethyl lactate, a cyclic ketone, acetone or a mixture thereof.
5. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein said nanocrystals are in the average size range of 1 nm to 5 nm.
6. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the minimum transmittance of the dispersion is stable for more than three weeks when stored at room temperature.
7. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the minimum transmittance is larger than 20% when measured in a cuvette with a 10 mm path length in the wavelength region from 400 nm to 750 nm when the dispersion contains 10% by weight nanocrystals in the dispersion solvent.
8. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the minimum transmittance is larger than 25% when measured in a cuvette with a 10 mm path length in the wavelength region from 400 nm to 750 nm when the dispersion contains 10% by weight nanocrystals in the dispersion solvent.
9. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the minimum transmittance is larger than 30% when measured in a cuvette with a 10 mm path length in the wavelength region from 400 nm to 750 nm when the dispersion contains 10% by weight nanocrystals in the dispersion solvent.
10. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the minimum transmittance is larger than 40% when measured in a cuvette with a 10 mm path length in the wavelength region from 400 nm to 750 nm when the dispersion contains 10% by weight nanocrystals in the dispersion solvent.
11. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the minimum transmittance is larger than 50% when measured in a cuvette with a 10 mm path length in the wavelength region from 400 nm to 750 nm when the dispersion contains 10% by weight nanocrystals in the dispersion solvent.
12. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the minimum transmittance is larger than 60% when measured in a cuvette with a 10 mm path length in the wavelength region from 400 nm to 750 nm when the dispersion contains 10% by weight nanocrystals in the dispersion solvent.
13. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the minimum transmittance is larger than 70% when measured in a cuvette with a 10 mm path length in the wavelength region from 400 nm to 750 nm when the dispersion contains 10% by weight nanocrystals in the dispersion solvent.
14. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the minimum transmittance is larger than 80% when measured in a cuvette with a 10 mm path length in the wavelength region from 400 nm to 750 nm when the dispersion contains 10% by weight nanocrystals in the dispersion solvent.
15. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the minimum transmittance is larger than 90% when measured in a cuvette with a 10 mm path length in the wavelength region from 400 nm to 750 nm when the dispersion contains 10% by weight nanocrystals in the dispersion solvent.
16. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the free capping agent concentration is below 8000 micrograms/ml as measured by GC.
17. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the free capping agent concentration is below 1500 micrograms/ml as measured by GC.
18. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the free capping agent concentration is below 250 micrograms/ml as measured by GC.
19. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the free capping agent concentration is below 50 micrograms/ml as measured by GC.
20. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the free capping agent concentration is below 10 micrograms/ml as measured by GC.
21. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the free capping agent concentration is below 5 micrograms/ml as measured by GC.
22. The dispersion of claim 1 wherein the nanocrystals are made by a synthesis process comprising mixing at least one zirconia nanocrystal precursor in a synthesis solvent comprising benzyl alcohol, phenol, oleyl alcohol, toluene, butanol, propanol, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, water, propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME), propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), ethyl lactate (EL), and 2-propoxy-propanol (PnP), acetonitrile, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, cyclic ketones or mixtures thereof.