High solubility iron hexacyanides
Stable solutions comprising high concentrations of charged coordination complexes, including iron hexacyanides are described, as are methods of preparing and using same in chemical energy storage systems, including flow battery systems. The use of these compositions allows energy storage densities at levels unavailable by other iron hexacyanide systems.
1. An aqueous solution, comprising:
(a) an iron hexacyanide complex having a dissolved concentration in the solution in a range of from about 1.2 M to about 3 M when the solution is at 25° C.; and
(b) Na + and K + counterions present at a molar ratio in the range of from about 1:10 to about 10:1, with respect to one another.
2. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the solution is stable to precipitation of the dissolved iron hexacyanide complex at a temperature in the range of from about −10° C. to about 60° C.
3. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the Na + and K + cations are present in a ratio of Na + :K + in the range of from about 1:5 to about 5:1.
4. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the solution is alkaline.
5. The solution of claim 4 , having a pH in a range of from about 7.5 to about 12.5.
6. The solution of claim 5 , having a pH in a range of from about 9 to about 12.
7. The solution of claim 1 , formed by the admixture of a sodium iron hexacyanide and a potassium iron hexacyanide.
8. The solution of claim 1 , wherein:
the iron hexacyanide complex has a dissolved concentration in a range of from about 1.5 M to about 3 M;
the Na + and K + counterions are present at a molar ratio in the range of from about 1:5 to about 5:1, with respect to one another;
the pH of the solution is in a range of from about 9 to about 12; and
wherein the solution is stable to precipitation of the dissolved iron hexacyanide complex at 25° C.
9. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of the iron hexacyanide complex is in a range of from about 1.5 M to about 3 M.
10. The solution of claim 1 comprising iron(II) hexacyanide [Fe(CN) 6 4− ], the concentration of Fe(CN) 6 4− in said solution, at 25° C., being higher than the concentration of Fe(CN) 6 4− in either a saturated aqueous alkaline solution of Na 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] or a saturated aqueous alkaline solution of K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ], at the same temperature and pH.
11. The solution of claim 1 , further comprising a viscosity modifier or a wetting agent.
12. The solution of claim 1 , further comprising a buffering agent and/or a supporting electrolyte.
13. The solution of claim 1 , further comprising another species which is redox active over a range of from about −0.8 V to about 1.8 V, vs. RHE.
14. The solution of claim 1 consisting essentially of iron(II) hexacyanide, iron(III) hexacyanide, or a mixture of iron(II) hexacyanide and iron(III) hexacyanide, and a mixture of Na + and K + ions, said solution capable of exhibiting a theoretical charge/discharge density in a range of from about 32 A-h/L to about 80 A-h/L.
15. The solution of claim 1 consisting essentially of an alkaline solution of iron(II) hexacyanide, iron(III) hexacyanide, or a mixture of iron(II) hexacyanide and iron(III) hexacyanide, and a mixture of Na + and K + ions, said solution capable of exhibiting a theoretical charge/discharge density in a range of from about 40 A-h/L to about 80 A-h/L.
16. An electrochemical cell having at least one half-cell comprising a solution of claim 1 .
17. The electrochemical cell of claim 16 , wherein the at least one half-cell comprises a solution of iron(II) hexacyanide, iron(III) hexacyanide, or a mixture of iron(II) hexacyanide and iron(III) hexacyanide, said solution capable of exhibiting a theoretical charge/discharge density in a range of from about 32 A-h/L to about 80 A-h/L.
18. The electrochemical cell of claim 17 , wherein the at least one half-cell consists essentially of an alkaline solution of iron(II) hexacyanide, iron(III) hexacyanide, or a mixture of iron(II) hexacyanide and iron(III) hexacyanide, and a mixture of Na + and K + ions, said solution capable of exhibiting a theoretical charge/discharge density in a range of from about 32 A-h/L to about 80 A-h/L.
19. The electrochemical cell of claim 16 , wherein the at least one half-cell comprises a solution of iron(II) hexacyanide, iron(III) hexacyanide, or a mixture of iron(II) hexacyanide and iron(III) hexacyanide, said solution capable of exhibiting a theoretical charge/discharge density of in a range of from about 40 A-h/L to about 80 A-h/L.
20. The electrochemical cell of claim 19 , wherein the at least one half-cell consists essentially of an alkaline solution of iron(II) hexacyanide, iron(III) hexacyanide, or a mixture of iron(II) hexacyanide and iron(III) hexacyanide, and a mixture of Na + and K + ions, said solution capable of exhibiting a theoretical charge/discharge density in a range of from about 40 A-h/L to about 80 A-h/L.
21. The electrochemical cell of claim 16 , wherein the cell is a flow battery cell.
22. An energy storage system comprising a series array of electrochemical cells, wherein at least one electrochemical cell is an electrochemical cell of claim 16 .
23. The energy storage system of claim 22 , wherein the at least one half-cell comprises a solution of iron(II) hexacyanide, iron(III) hexacyanide, or a mixture of iron(II) hexacyanide and iron(III) hexacyanide, said solution capable of exhibiting a theoretical charge/discharge density in a range of from about 32 A-h/L to about 80 A-h/L.
24. The energy storage system of claim 23 , wherein the at least one half-cell consists essentially of an alkaline solution of iron(II) hexacyanide, iron(III) hexacyanide, or a mixture of iron(II) hexacyanide and iron(III) hexacyanide, and a mixture of Na + and K + ions, said solution capable of exhibiting a theoretical charge/discharge density in a range of from about 32 A-h/L to about 80 A-h/L.
25. The energy storage system of claim 23 , wherein the at least one half-cell comprises a solution of iron(II) hexacyanide, iron(III) hexacyanide, or a mixture of iron(II) hexacyanide and iron(III) hexacyanide, said solution capable of exhibiting a theoretical charge/discharge density in a range of from about 40 A-h/L to about 80 A-h/L.
26. The energy storage system of claim 23 , wherein the at least one half-cell consists essentially of an alkaline solution of iron(II) hexacyanide, iron(III) hexacyanide, or a mixture of iron(II) hexacyanide and iron(III) hexacyanide, and a mixture of Na + and K + ions, said solution capable of exhibiting a theoretical charge/discharge density in a range of from about 40 A-h/L to about 80 A-h/L.
27. The energy storage system of claim 22 , wherein at least one of the electrochemical cells is a flow battery cell.