Discriminating photo counts and dark counts in an avalanche photodiode output
The output of an avalanche photodiode (APD) comprises a “photocurrent” component comprising photon initiated events resulting from the interaction of photons with the APD and a “dark current” component comprising dark carrier events arising in the APD even when the APD is not exposed to light. Differences in the pulse height distributions of photon initiated events and dark carrier initiated events are used to statistically discriminate between photocurrent and dark current components of APD output.
1. A method of distinguishing a photon induced pulse emitted by a photodiode from a dark pulse emitted by said photodiode absent photon interaction, plural photon induced pulses emitted by said photodiode having a first pulse height distribution and plural dark pulses having a second pulse height distribution, said method comprising the step of designating a pulse having a measured parameter greater than a threshold measurement of said parameter as a photon induced pulse, said threshold selected to maximize a difference between said first pulse height distribution and said second pulse height distribution.
2. The method of distinguishing a photon induced pulse of claim 1 wherein said measured parameter is a voltage.
3. The method of distinguishing a photon induced pulse of claim 1 further comprising the step of changing said threshold in response to a change in a bias applied to said photodiode.
4. The method of distinguishing a photon induced pulse of claim 1 further comprising the step of changing said threshold in response to a change of a temperature of said photodiode.
5. The method of distinguishing a photon induced pulse of claim 1 wherein the step of designating a pulse having a measured parameter greater than a threshold measurement of said parameter as a photon induced pulse comprises the steps of:
(a) measuring said parameter for each of a plurality of pulses; and
(b) designating said plurality of pulses as photon induced if a central tendency of said measurements of said parameter for said pulses exceeds said threshold.
6. The method of distinguishing a photon induced pulse of claim 5 further comprising the step of changing said threshold in response to a change in a bias applied to said photodiode.
7. The method of distinguishing a photon induced pulse of claim 5 further comprising the step of changing said threshold in response to a change of a temperature of said photodiode.
8. A method of distinguishing a photon induced pulse emitted by a photodiode from a dark pulse emitted by said photodiode absent photon interaction, plural photon induced pulses having a first pulse height distribution and plural dark pulses having a second pulse height distribution, said method comprising the step of designating a pulse having a measured parameter greater than a threshold measurement of said parameter as a photon induced pulse, said threshold a relationship of plural thresholds, at least one threshold comprising a value of said measured parameter selected to maximize a difference between said first pulse height distribution and said second pulse height distribution.
9. The method of distinguishing a photon induced pulse of claim 8 wherein at least one of said plural thresholds comprises a value of said parameter minimizing a difference between said first pulse height distribution and said second pulse height distribution.
10. The method of distinguishing a photon induced pulse of claim 8 wherein at least one of said plural thresholds comprises a value of said measured parameter exceeding a maximum value of said measured parameter for a dark pulse.
11. The method of distinguishing a photon induced pulse of claim 8 wherein the step of designating a pulse having a measured parameter greater than a threshold measurement of said parameter as a photon induced pulse comprises the steps of:
(a) measuring said parameter for a plurality of pulses; and
(b) designating said plurality of pulses as photon induced if a central tendency of said measured parameters of said pulses exceeds said threshold.
12. The method of distinguishing a photon induced pulse of claim 8 further comprising the step of changing said threshold in response to a change in a bias applied to said photodiode.
13. The method of distinguishing a photon induced pulse of claim 8 further comprising the step of changing said threshold in response to a change of a temperature of said photodiode.
14. A method of distinguishing a photon induced pulse emitted by at least one of plural photodiodes from a dark pulse emitted by one or more of said plural photodiodes absent photon interaction, plural photon induced pulses having a first pulse height distribution and plural dark pulses having a second pulse height distribution, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) summing an emission by said plural photodiodes, said emission comprising at least one pulse;
(b) designating a pulse as a photon induced pulse if a measured parameter of said emission exceeds a threshold measurement of said parameter selected to maximize a difference between said first pulse height distribution and said second pulse height distribution.
15. The method of distinguishing a photon induced pulse of claim 14 wherein said measured parameter is a voltage.
16. The method of distinguishing a photon induced pulse of claim 14 further comprising the step of changing said threshold in response to a change in a bias applied to at least one photodiode.
17. The method of distinguishing a photon induced pulse of claim 14 further comprising the step of changing said threshold in response to a change of a temperature of at least one photodiode.
18. The method of distinguishing a photon induced pulse emitted by at least one of said plural photodiodes of claim 14 wherein the step of designating a pulse having a measured parameter greater than a threshold measurement of said parameter as a photon induced pulse comprises the steps of:
(a) measuring said parameter for a plurality of pulses; and
(b) designating said plurality of pulses as photon induced if a central tendency of said measured parameters of said pulses exceeds said threshold.
19. A photoreceiver comprising:
(a) a photodiode arranged to emit an electrical pulse as a result of interaction with a photon and emitting a dark pulse absent interaction with a photon; and
(b) a decision circuit to designate a pulse emitted by said photodiode as a photon induced pulse if a measured parameter of said electrical pulse exceeds a threshold value of said measured parameter, said threshold comprising a value of said measured parameter selected to maximize a difference between a pulse height distribution of plural photon induced pulses emitted by said photodiode and a pulse height distribution of plural dark pulses emitted by said photodiode.
20. The photoreceiver of claim 19 wherein said measured parameter is a voltage and said threshold value of said measured parameter is a voltage.
21. The photoreceiver of claim 19 further comprising:
(a) a temperature sensor arranged to sense a temperature of said photodiode;
(b) a logic device arranged to change said threshold in response to a change in said temperature of said photodiode.
22. The photoreceiver of claim 19 further comprising:
(a) a voltage sensor arranged to sense a bias voltage applied to said photodiode;
(b) a logic device arranged to change said threshold in response to a change in said bias voltage applied to said photodiode.
23. A photoreceiver comprising:
(a) a photodiode arranged to emit an electrical pulse as a result of interaction with a photon and emitting a dark pulse absent interaction with a photon; and
(b) a decision circuit to designate a pulse emitted by said photodiode as a photon induced pulse if a measured parameter of said electrical pulse exceeds a threshold value of said measured parameter, said threshold comprising a relationship of plural threshold values of said measured parameter including a value of said measured parameter selected to maximize a difference between a pulse height distribution of plural photon induced pulses emitted by said photodiode and a pulse height distribution of plural dark pulses emitted by said photodiode.
24. The photoreceiver of claim 23 wherein said measured parameter is a voltage and said threshold value of said measured parameter is a voltage.
25. A photoreceiver comprising:
(a) a first photodiode arranged to emit an electrical pulse as a result of interaction with a photon and emitting a dark pulse absent interaction with a photon;
(b) a second photodiode arranged to emit an electrical pulse as a result of interaction with a photon and emitting a dark pulse absent interaction with a photon;
(c) a summer to sum a pulse emitted by said first photodiode with a pulse emitted by said second photodiode; and
(d) a decision circuit to designate an output of said summer as a photon induced pulse if a measured parameter of said output exceeds a threshold measurement of said parameter, said threshold comprising a value of said output selected to maximize a difference between a pulse height distribution of plural photon induced pulses emitted by at least one of said first photodiode and said second photodiode and a pulse height distribution of plural dark pulses emitted by at least one of said first photodiode and said second photodiode.
26. The photoreceiver of claim 25 wherein said measured parameter is a voltage and said threshold measurement of said parameter comprises a voltage.