Object cluster detection and estimation
View Patent ↗A vehicle tracking system includes a wheel unit containing RF communication circuitry. The wheel units communicate with fixed nodes of a monitoring system. In some embodiments, the wheel units are placed on shopping carts and are used to track the shopping carts in a vicinity of a store. The system may implement a variety of tracking-relating features, including detecting unauthorized store exit events, estimating the number of shopping carts that are clustered together, and inhibiting shopping cart theft.
1. A method of estimating a number of physical objects clustered together, wherein each object includes wireless communication circuitry capable of receiving and transmitting radio frequency (RF) signals, the method comprising:
causing each of a plurality of physical objects to generate a radio frequency (RF) transmission during a respective transmission timeslot;
by each physical object, generating Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) values for the RF transmissions received by that respective physical object from the other physical objects, such that each physical object receives a transmission from, and generates an RSSI value for, every other physical object of the plurality of physical objects;
by a node, collecting and collectively analyzing the RSSI values generated by the plurality of physical objects, wherein collectively analyzing the RSSI values comprises applying a clustering algorithm; and
estimating how many of the plurality of physical objects are clustered together based on the collective analysis of the RSSI values generated by the plurality of physical objects.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method comprises each physical object wirelessly transmitting the respective RSSI values it generates to an external device for analysis.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the physical objects are shopping carts.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein causing each of the plurality of objects to generate an RF transmission comprises broadcasting a command from an antenna mounted at a store checkout area, wherein the method estimates a number of shopping carts queued at the checkout area.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein causing each of the plurality of objects to generate an RF transmission comprises broadcasting a command from a device mounted to a mechanized cart retrieval unit, wherein the method estimates a number of shopping carts queued for mechanized cart retrieval.
6. The method of claim 3 , wherein causing each of the plurality of objects to generate an RF transmission comprises broadcasting a command from an antenna mounted at a shopping cart storage area, wherein the method estimates a number of shopping carts in the shopping cart storage area.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the objects are human-propelled vehicles.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein collectively analyzing the RSSI values comprises converting a group of RSSI values into a single filtered RSSI value.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein collectively analyzing the RSSI values comprises calculating distance metrics for specific pairs of the physical objects, and using said clustering algorithm to analyze the distance metrics.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising assigning unique timeslots to the plurality of objects for said RF transmissions.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the node is separate from the plurality of physical objects.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein each object transmits on a plurality frequencies during a corresponding plurality of uniquely assigned transmission timeslots, such that the collective analysis of the RSSI values accounts for frequency-selective effects.
13. A system for detecting clusters of objects, comprising:
a plurality of wireless communication devices that are configured for attachment to respective movable objects; and
an external system configured to communicate bi-directionally with the wireless communication devices;
wherein the wireless communication devices are configured to (1) generate RF transmissions during respective transmission timeslots, (2) measure signal strengths of the RF transmissions received from the other wireless communication devices, such that each wireless communication device receives, and measures a signal strength of, a transmission from every other wireless communication device of said plurality, and (3) report said signal strengths to the external system;
wherein the external system is programmed to collectively analyze the reported signal strengths using a clustering algorithm and, based on said analysis, estimate how many of the wireless communication devices are clustered together.
14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the external system is additionally configured to identify the wireless communication devices that are clustered together.
15. The system of claim 13 , wherein the wireless communication devices are shopping cart wheel units that are configured for attachment to respective shopping carts.
16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the external system comprises a node mounted at a checkout area of a store, said node configured to instruct shopping cart wheel units in a vicinity of the checkout area to initiate a cluster detection process that comprises generating the RF transmissions, measuring said signal strengths, and reporting the signal strengths.
17. The system of claim 15 , wherein the external system comprises a node mounted at a shopping cart storage area, said node configured to instruct shopping cart wheel units in a vicinity of the shopping cart storage area to initiate a cluster detection process that comprises generating the RF transmissions, measuring said signal strengths, and reporting the signal strengths.
18. The system of claim 13 , wherein the external system is configured to calculate distance metrics for specific pairs of the wireless communication devices, and to use said clustering algorithm to analyze the distance metrics.
19. The system of claim 13 , wherein each wireless communication device is configured to generate a respective Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) value for each of the other wireless communication devices, and to transmit the RSSI values to the external system for analysis.
20. The system of claim 13 , wherein the external system is configured to assign said transmission timeslots to the wireless communication devices for said RF transmissions.
21. The system of claim 13 , wherein each wireless communication device is configured to generate the RF transmissions on a plurality frequencies during a corresponding plurality of uniquely assigned transmission timeslots, such that the collective analysis of reported signal strengths accounts for frequency-selective effects.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein each RSSI value is a log linear signal strength measurement.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method comprises each object generating a plurality of RSSI values based on transmissions received by that object from a plurality of the other objects, each RSSI value representing a signal strength measurement of a respective transmission.
24. The method of claim 1 , further comprising each object (1) generating a respective signal strength measurement of a transmission received from an external unit, and (2) using its respective signal strength measurement to determine whether to participate in the method.