A turbocharger including a turbine wheel having a hub-to-tip ratio of no more than 60% and blades with a high turning angle, a turbine housing forming an inwardly spiraling primary-scroll passageway that significantly converges to produce highly accelerated airflow into the turbine at high circumferential angles, and a two-sided parallel compressor. The compressor and turbine each produce substantially no axial force, allowing the use of minimal axial thrust bearings.
1. A turbocharger configured to receive an exhaust gas stream from an engine configured to operate over a range of standard operating conditions, and to compress input air into a pressurized air stream, comprising:
a housing including a turbine housing; and
a rotor configured to rotate within the housing along an axis of rotor rotation, the rotor including an axial turbine wheel, a compressor wheel, and a shaft extending along the axis of rotor rotation and connecting the turbine wheel to the compressor wheel;
wherein the turbine wheel is configured with a hub, and with a plurality of axial turbine blades configured to drive the rotor in rotation around the axis of rotor rotation when the turbocharger receives the exhaust gas stream from the engine, the blades having an axially upstream edge, an axially downstream edge, a hub end, and a tip end opposite the hub end;
wherein the compressor wheel is configured to compress the input air into the pressurized air stream when the rotor is driven in rotation around the axis of rotor rotation by the turbine wheel;
wherein the turbine housing forms an inwardly spiraling turbine primary-scroll passageway characterized by a primary-scroll inlet port characterized by a centroid that is radially external to the axially upstream ends of the blades; and
wherein the radius at the hub end of each turbine wheel trailing edge is no more than 60% of the radius of the tip end of each turbine wheel trailing edge.
2. The turbocharger of claim 1 , wherein the turbine blades are each characterized by a blade turning angle at the hub that is greater than or equal to 45 degrees.
3. The turbocharger of claim 2 , wherein the turbine blades are each characterized by a blade turning angle at an intermediate radius between the hub and the tip that is greater than or equal to 80 degrees.
4. The turbocharger of claim 1 , wherein the turbine blades are each characterized by a blade turning angle at an intermediate radius between the hub and the tip that is greater than or equal to 80 degrees.
5. A turbocharged internal combustion engine system, comprising:
an engine configured to receive a pressurized air stream and to produce an exhaust gas stream, the engine being configured to operate over the range of standard operating conditions; and
the turbocharger of claim 1 , the turbocharger being configured to receive the exhaust gas stream from the engine when operating in the standard operating conditions, and to compress input air into the pressurized air stream received by the engine.
6. The turbocharged internal combustion engine system of claim 5 , wherein the inwardly spiraling primary-scroll passageway substantially forms a convergent passageway that turns axially downstream and spirals inward enough to cause the input air to achieve supersonic speeds when reaching the upstream edges of the turbine wheel blades for at least some operating conditions of the range of standard operating conditions.
7. A turbocharger configured to receive an exhaust gas stream from an engine configured to operate over a range of standard operating conditions, and to compress input air into a pressurized air stream, comprising:
a housing including a turbine housing; and
a rotor configured to rotate within the housing along an axis of rotor rotation, the rotor including an axial turbine wheel, a compressor wheel, and a shaft extending along the axis of rotor rotation and connecting the turbine wheel to the compressor wheel;
wherein the turbine wheel is configured with a hub, and with a plurality of axial turbine blades configured to drive the rotor in rotation around the axis of rotor rotation when the turbocharger receives the exhaust gas stream from the engine, the blades having an axially upstream edge, an axially downstream edge, a hub end, and a tip end opposite the hub end;
wherein the compressor wheel is configured to compress the input air into the pressurized air stream when the rotor is driven in rotation around the axis of rotor rotation by the turbine wheel;
wherein the turbine housing forms an inwardly spiraling turbine primary-scroll passageway characterized by a primary-scroll inlet port characterized by a centroid that is radially external to the axially upstream ends of the blades; and
wherein the inwardly spiraling turbine primary-scroll passageway is a vaneless passageway.
8. A turbocharged internal combustion engine system, comprising:
an engine configured to receive a pressurized air stream and to produce an exhaust gas stream, the engine being configured to operate over the range of standard operating conditions; and
the turbocharger of claim 7 , the turbocharger being configured to receive the exhaust gas stream from the engine when operating in the standard operating conditions, and to compress input air into the pressurized air stream received by the engine.
9. The turbocharged internal combustion engine system of claim 8 , wherein the inwardly spiraling primary-scroll passageway substantially forms a convergent passageway that turns axially downstream and spirals inward enough to cause the input air to achieve supersonic speeds when reaching the upstream edges of the turbine wheel blades for at least some operating conditions of the range of standard operating conditions.
10. A turbocharger configured to receive an exhaust gas stream from an engine configured to operate over a range of standard operating conditions, and to compress input air into a pressurized air stream, comprising:
a housing including a turbine housing; and
a rotor configured to rotate within the housing along an axis of rotor rotation, the rotor including an axial turbine wheel, a compressor wheel, and a shaft extending along the axis of rotor rotation and connecting the turbine wheel to the compressor wheel;
wherein the turbine wheel is configured with a hub, and with a plurality of axial turbine blades configured to drive the rotor in rotation around the axis of rotor rotation when the turbocharger receives the exhaust gas stream from the engine, the blades having an axially upstream edge, an axially downstream edge, a hub end, and a tip end opposite the hub end;
wherein the compressor wheel is configured to compress the input air into the pressurized air stream when the rotor is driven in rotation around the axis of rotor rotation by the turbine wheel;
wherein the turbine housing forms an inwardly spiraling turbine primary-scroll passageway;
wherein the turbine is configured to limit the static pressure upstream of the wheel near the wheel hub to a value that is not greater than 120% of the turbine outlet static pressure for at least some operating conditions of the range of standard operating conditions; and
wherein the radius at the hub end of each turbine wheel trailing edge is no more than 60% of the radius of the tip end of each turbine wheel trailing edge.
11. The turbocharger of claim 10 , wherein the turbine blades are each characterized by a blade turning angle at the hub that is greater than or equal to 45 degrees.
12. The turbocharger of claim 11 , wherein the turbine blades are each characterized by a blade turning angle at an intermediate radius between the hub and the tip that is greater than or equal to 80 degrees.
13. The turbocharger of claim 10 , wherein the turbine blades are each characterized by a blade turning angle at an intermediate radius between the hub and the tip that is greater than or equal to 80 degrees.
14. A turbocharged internal combustion engine system, comprising:
an engine configured to receive a pressurized air stream and to produce an exhaust gas stream, the engine being configured to operate over the range of standard operating conditions; and
the turbocharger of claim 10 , the turbocharger being configured to receive the exhaust gas stream from the engine when operating in the standard operating conditions, and to compress input air into the pressurized air stream received by the engine.
15. The turbocharged internal combustion engine system of claim 14 , wherein the inwardly spiraling primary-scroll passageway substantially forms a convergent passageway that turns axially downstream and spirals inward enough to cause the input air to achieve supersonic speeds when reaching the upstream edges of the turbine wheel blades for at least some operating conditions of the range of standard operating conditions.
16. A turbocharger configured to receive an exhaust gas stream from an engine configured to operate over a range of standard operating conditions, and to compress input air into a pressurized air stream, comprising:
a housing including a turbine housing; and
a rotor configured to rotate within the housing along an axis of rotor rotation, the rotor including an axial turbine wheel, a compressor wheel, and a shaft extending along the axis of rotor rotation and connecting the turbine wheel to the compressor wheel;
wherein the turbine wheel is configured with a hub, and with a plurality of axial turbine blades configured to drive the rotor in rotation around the axis of rotor rotation when the turbocharger receives the exhaust gas stream from the engine, the blades having an axially upstream edge, an axially downstream edge, a hub end, and a tip end opposite the hub end;
wherein the compressor wheel is configured to compress the input air into the pressurized air stream when the rotor is driven in rotation around the axis of rotor rotation by the turbine wheel;
wherein the turbine housing forms an inwardly spiraling turbine primary-scroll passageway;
wherein the turbine is configured to limit the static pressure upstream of the wheel near the wheel hub to a value that is not greater than 120% of the turbine outlet static pressure for at least some operating conditions of the range of standard operating conditions; and
wherein the inwardly spiraling turbine primary-scroll passageway is a vaneless passageway.
17. A turbocharged internal combustion engine system, comprising:
an engine configured to receive a pressurized air stream and to produce an exhaust gas stream, the engine being configured to operate over the range of standard operating conditions; and
the turbocharger of claim 16 , the turbocharger being configured to receive the exhaust gas stream from the engine when operating in the standard operating conditions, and to compress input air into the pressurized air stream received by the engine.
18. The turbocharged internal combustion engine system of claim 17 , wherein the inwardly spiraling primary-scroll passageway substantially forms a convergent passageway that turns axially downstream and spirals inward enough to cause the input air to achieve supersonic speeds when reaching the upstream edges of the turbine wheel blades for at least some operating conditions of the range of standard operating conditions.