Dual Band Interleaved Phased Array Antenna
The height of crossed-dipoles antenna elements can be reduced by including an additional bend/segment in the feed-line and/or tuning-stub of the antenna dipole having the upper slot. The extra bend allows the crossed-dipoles antenna element to be shortened by as much as twenty percent without reducing the feed-line length. Additionally, the height of crossed-dipoles antenna elements can be reduced by shaping a winged portion of the balun-fed dipoles to match the contour of a radome contour, which allows the crossed-dipoles antenna element to accommodate a shallower radome and achieve a thinner antenna module. Additionally, the height of crossed-dipoles antenna elements can be reduced by positioning periodic structures around the base of low-band radiating elements to provide artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) functionality, which enables constructive interference between reflected and non-reflected signals at profile spacings of less than one-quarter wavelength.
1 . A balun-fed dipole of a crossed-dipoles antenna element, the balun-fed dipole comprising:
a substrate comprising a lower region and an upper region, wherein the lower region is positioned below the upper region;
a feed-line printed on a first face of the substrate, the feed-line extending at least partially across the lower region of the substrate; and
a first conductive layer printed on the first face of the substrate, the first conductive layer at least partially covering the upper region of the substrate.
2 . The balun-fed dipole of claim 1 , further comprising a second conductive layer printed on a second face of the substrate, wherein the second face of the substrate opposes the first face of the substrate.
3 . The balun-fed dipole of claim 1 , wherein the first conductive layer is positioned above the feed-line on the first face of the substrate.
4 . A crossed-dipoles antenna element comprising:
a first balun-fed dipole comprising a first substrate, a lower slot carved out of the first substrate, and a first feed-line printed on the first substrate, the first feed-line being routed around the lower slot; and
a second balun-fed dipole comprising a second substrate, an upper slot carved out of the second substrate, and a second feed-line printed on the second substrate, wherein the second feed-line is routed beneath the upper slot,
wherein a longest segment of the first feed-line is longer than a longest segment of the second feed-line, and
wherein the second feed-line includes at least one more segment than the first feed-line.
5 . The crossed-dipoles antenna element of claim 4 , wherein the at least one more segment causes the second feed-line to have approximately the same length as the first feed-line.
6 . The crossed-dipoles antenna element of claim 4 , wherein the first balun-fed dipole is configured to be mounted to the second first balun-fed dipole by sliding the upper slot onto the lower slot.
7 . The crossed-dipoles antenna element of claim 4 , wherein the first balun-fed dipole further comprises a first tuning-stub,
wherein the second balun-fed dipole further comprises a second tuning-stub, wherein a longest segment of the first tuning-stub is longer than a longest segment of the second tuning-stub, and
wherein the second tuning-stub includes at least one more segment than the first tuning-stub, the at least one additional segment causing the second tuning-stub to have approximately the same length as the first tuning-stub.
8 . The crossed-dipoles antenna element of claim 7 , wherein the first tuning-stub is straight.
9 . The crossed-dipoles antenna element of claim 7 , wherein the first balun-fed dipole further comprises a first conductive layer printed on an opposing side of the first substrate, wherein the first tuning-stub is etched out of the first conductive layer, and
wherein the second crossed-dipoles balun further comprises a second conductive layer printed on an opposing side of the second substrate, wherein the second tuning-stub is etched out of the second conductive layer.
10 . A base station antenna comprising:
an antenna reflector;
an array of crossed-dipoles antenna elements mounted to the antenna reflector; and
a radome encasing the array of crossed-dipoles antenna elements, wherein the array of crossed-dipoles antenna elements are positioned in between the radome and the antenna reflector, and
wherein an uppermost portion of at least one crossed-dipoles antenna element in the array of crossed-dipoles antenna elements conforms to a contour of the radome.
11 . The base station antenna of claim 10 , wherein an outermost edge of the uppermost portion of the at least one crossed-dipoles antenna is rounded to conform to the contour of the radome.
12 . The base station antenna of claim 10 , further comprising a compartment for housing active antenna components, the compartment being positioned below the antenna reflector.
13 . A phased array antenna comprising:
an array of low-band radiating elements; and
an array of high-band radiating elements configured to radiate at a higher frequency band than the array of low-band radiating elements, wherein the high-band radiating elements are separated from one another by a narrower spacing than the low-band radiating elements.
14 . The phased array antenna of claim 13 , wherein a ratio of radiating frequencies between the high-band radiating elements and the low-band radiating elements is between about 1.9:1 and about 1:1.
15 . The phased array antenna of claim 13 , wherein the ratio of radiating frequencies between the high-band radiating elements and the low-band radiating elements is about 1.3:1.
16 . A phased array antenna comprising:
an antenna reflector;
a plurality of radiating elements mounted to the antenna reflector, the plurality of radiating elements including an array of low-band radiating elements and an array of high-band radiating elements, wherein the high-band radiating elements are configured to radiate at a higher frequency than the low-band radiating elements; and
periodic structures mounted to the antenna reflector, the periodic structures being positioned around the bases of the radiating elements.
17 . The phased array antenna of claim 16 , wherein the periodic structures include a first set of periodic structures positioned around the bases of the high-band radiating elements, the first set of periodic structures being configured to reduce mutual coupling between adjacent high-band radiating elements by providing an Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) between adjacent high-band elements.
18 . The phased array antenna of claim 17 , wherein the periodic structures further comprise a second set of periodic structures positioned around the bases of the low-band radiating elements, the second set of periodic structures being configured to provide Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMCs) functionality.
19 . The phased array antenna of claim 18 , wherein the second set of structures provide AMC functionality by reflecting signals in a manner that causes the reflected signals to constructively interfere with non-reflected signals when a profile of the low-band radiating element is less than or equal to one-quarter of a wavelength emitted by the low-band radiating elements.
20 . The phased array antenna of claim 19 , wherein the low-band radiating elements comprise dipole arms, and wherein the profile of the low-band radiating elements corresponds to a vertical separation between the dipole arms and the antenna reflector.
21 . A phased array antenna comprising:
an antenna reflector;
a set of columns of low-band radiating elements mounted to the antenna reflector;
a set of columns of high-band radiating elements mounted to the antenna reflector, wherein the set of columns of high-band radiating elements are interleaved with the set of columns of low-band radiating elements; and
conductive fences running vertically adjacent to the set of columns of low-band radiating elements.
22 . The phased array antenna of claim 21 , wherein the conductive fences comprise central conductive fences positioned in-between adjacent columns in the set of columns of low-band radiating elements.
23 . The phased array antenna of claim 22 , wherein the central conductive fences are configured to reduce low-band interference by at least partially isolating horizontally adjacent low-band radiating elements from one another.
24 . The phased array antenna of claim 22 , wherein the central conductive fences are further positioned in-between adjacent columns in the set of columns of high-band radiating elements, and wherein the conductive fences are configured to reduce high-band interference by at least partially isolating horizontally adjacent high-band radiating elements from one another.
25 . The phased array antenna of claim 22 , wherein the central conductive fences comprise a plurality of conductive segments separated by voids, the voids at least partially isolating adjacent conductive segments from one another.
26 . The phased array antenna of claim 25 , wherein the conductive segments have a length that is equal to about 1.6 times the radiating frequency of the low-band radiating elements.
27 . The phased array antenna of claim 25 , wherein the voids are configured to prevent at least some modes from propagating between adjacent conductive segments.
28 . The phased array antenna of claim 25 , wherein the conductive fences further comprise edge fences positioned outside the outermost columns in the set of columns of low-band radiating elements, and wherein each of the edge fences comprise a continuous conductive segment that excludes voids.
29 . A phased array antenna comprising:
an antenna reflector;
a set of columns of low-band radiating elements mounted to the antenna reflector; and
a set of columns of high-band radiating elements mounted to the antenna reflector, wherein the set of columns of high-band radiating elements are interleaved with the set of columns of low-band radiating elements, and
wherein adjacent columns in the set of high-band radiating elements are vertically offset with respect to one another.
30 . The phased array antenna of claim 29 , wherein the vertical offset increases a separation between horizontally adjacent high-band radiating elements.
31 . The phased array antenna of claim 29 , wherein adjacent columns in the set of low-band radiating elements are vertically offset with respect to one another, and wherein the vertical offset between adjacent columns in the set of low-band radiating elements increases a separation between horizontally adjacent low-band radiating elements.
32 . A balun-fed dipole of a crossed-dipoles antenna element, the balun-fed dipole comprising:
a substrate;
a feed-line printed on a face of the substrate, the feed-line extending at least partially across the lower region of the substrate; and
a conductive layer printed on an opposing face of the substrate, the conductive layer comprising a bottommost end that is configured to be conductively joined to a ground plane, wherein the bottommost end is notched to reduce a surface area in contact with ground plane.
33 . The balun-fed dipole of claim 32 , wherein at least some portion of the bottommost end has been removed to reduce the surface area in contact with the ground plane.
34 . The balun-fed dipole of claim 32 , wherein the bottommost end is notched to reduce a likelihood of intermodulation distortion.