Method of manufacturing a ruthenium-based spark plug electrode material into a desired form and a ruthenium-based material for use in a spark plug
View Patent ↗A method of making an electrode material for use in spark plugs and other ignition devices including industrial plugs, aviation igniters, glow plugs, or any other device that is used to ignite an air/fuel mixture in an engine. The electrode material is a ruthenium-based material that includes ruthenium as the single largest constituent. The disclosed method includes hot-forming a layered structure that includes a ruthenium-based material core, an interlayer having a refractory metal disposed over the ruthenium-based material core, and a nickel-based cladding disposed over the interlayer.
1. A method of manufacturing a spark plug electrode material into a desired form, the method comprising the steps of:
forming a core of a ruthenium-based material that has a length dimension and a cross-sectional area oriented perpendicular to the length dimension, the ruthenium-based material having ruthenium (Ru) as the single largest constituent on a weight percentage (wt %) basis;
disposing an interlayer that comprises a refractory metal over an exterior surface of the ruthenium-based material core;
disposing a nickel-based alloy cladding over an exterior surface of the interlayer to form a layered structure;
hot-forming the layered structure to reduce the cross-sectional area of the ruthenium-based material core to form an elongated layered wire; and
removing the interlayer and the nickel-based alloy cladding from the ruthenium-based material core to derive an elongated ruthenium-based material wire.
2. The method set forth in claim 1 , further comprising the steps of:
cutting the elongated ruthenium-based material wire to form an electrode segment; and
incorporating the electrode segment into a spark plug.
3. The method set forth in claim 2 , wherein the hot-forming step is performed so that the elongated layered wire comprises a fibrous grain structure that includes elongated grains with axial dimensions oriented generally parallel to the length dimension of the core, and wherein incorporating the electrode segment into a spark plug comprises employing the electrode segment so that a surface of the electrode segment normal to the axial dimensions of the elongated grains constitutes a sparking surface.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hot-forming step reduces the cross-sectional area of the layered structure by at least 95% to form the elongated layered wire.
5. The method set forth in claim 4 , wherein the hot-forming step comprises:
hot-drawing the layered structure through a heated die plate at least once to reduce the cross-sectional area of the ruthenium-based material core; and
annealing the layered structure at least once for every 75% reduction in the cross-sectional area of the layered structure, the annealing being performed at a temperature that is below the recrystallization temperature of the ruthenium-based material that comprises the core.
6. The method set forth in claim 5 , wherein the hot-forming step further comprises:
hot-swaging the layered structure before hot-drawing.
7. The method set forth in claim 1 , wherein the interlayer has a thickness that ranges from about 50 μm to about 2000 μm.
8. The method set forth in claim 1 , wherein the nickel-based alloy cladding has a thickness that is equal to or greater than the thickness of the interlayer.
9. The method set forth in claim 1 , wherein the core of ruthenium-based material comprises, in addition to ruthenium, one or more precious metals selected from the group consisting of iridium, platinum, palladium, gold, and combinations thereof, and one or more refractory metals selected from the group consisting of rhenium, tungsten, and combinations thereof.
10. The method set forth in claim 1 , wherein the core of ruthenium-based material comprises 0.1-40 wt. % of rhodium, iridium, platinum, palladium, gold, or a combination thereof, 0.1-10 wt. % of rhenium, tungsten, or a combination of rhenium and tungsten, and the balance ruthenium.
11. A method of manufacturing a spark plug electrode material into a desired form, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a layered structure that comprises (1) a core of a ruthenium-based material that has a length dimension and a cross-sectional area oriented perpendicular to the length dimension, the ruthenium-based material having ruthenium (Ru) as the single largest constituent on a weight percentage (wt %) basis, (2) an interlayer that comprises a refractory metal disposed over an exterior surface of the ruthenium-based material core, and (3) a nickel-based alloy cladding disposed over an exterior surface of the interlayer;
hot-drawing the layered structure through an opening defined in a heated draw plate along the length dimension of the core to reduce the cross-sectional area of the ruthenium-based material core;
annealing the layered structure;
repeating the hot-drawing and annealing steps to reduce the cross-sectional area of the ruthenium-based material core by at least 80% to form an elongated layered wire; and
removing the interlayer and the nickel-based alloy cladding from the ruthenium-based material core to derive an elongated ruthenium-based material wire.
12. The method set forth in claim 11 , further comprising:
hot-swaging the ruthenium-based material, before hot-drawing, at a temperature above the ductile-brittle temperature of the ruthenium-based material.
13. The method set forth in claim 12 , further comprising:
cutting the elongated ruthenium-based material wire to form an electrode segment; and
incorporating the electrode segment into a spark plug.
14. The method set forth in claim 13 , wherein incorporating the electrode material into a spark plug comprises attaching the electrode segment to a center electrode by way of an intermediate firing tip component.
15. The method set forth in claim 11 , wherein the hot-drawing step provides the ruthenium-based material core with a fibrous grain structure that includes elongated grains with axial dimensions oriented generally parallel to the length dimension of the core, and wherein the annealing step is performed at a temperature that maintains the elongated grains.
16. The method set forth in claim 15 , further comprising the steps of:
cutting the elongated ruthenium-based material wire to form an electrode segment; and
attaching the segment of the ruthenium-based electrode material to a center electrode or a ground electrode such that a surface of the electrode segment normal to the axial dimensions of the elongated grains constitutes a sparking surface.
17. A layered structure for use in a spark plug electrode, comprising:
a core of a ruthenium-based material that has an exterior surface, a length dimension and a cross-sectional area oriented perpendicular to the length dimension, the ruthenium-based material having ruthenium (Ru) as the single largest constituent on a weight percentage (wt %) basis;
an interlayer that has an exterior surface and is disposed over the exterior surface of the ruthenium-based material core, the interlayer having at least one refractory metal; and
a nickel-based alloy cladding disposed over the exterior surface of the interlayer, the nickel-based alloy cladding having nickel (Ni) as the single largest constituent on a weight percentage (wt %) basis;
wherein the interlayer and nickel-based alloy cladding are arranged as temporary layers to be removed at a subsequent manufacturing stage.
18. The layered structured set forth in claim 17 , wherein the ruthenium-based material core is comprised of a ruthenium-based material selected from the group consisting of: Ru-(0.5-5)Rh—Re(0.1-5), Ru-(0.5-5)Rh-(0.1-5)W, Ru-(0.5-5)Rh-(0.1-5)Re/W, Ru-(0.5-5)Rh-(0.1-5)Ir-(0.5-5)Re, Ru-(0.5-5)Rh-(0.1-5)Ir-(0.5-5)W, Ru-(0.5-5)Rh-(0.1-5)Ir-(0.5-5)Re/W, Ru-(1-10)Rh-(1-10)Ir-(0.5-5)Re-(0.5-5)W, and Ru-(1-10)Rh-(1-10)Ir-(0.5-5)Re-(0.5-5)W, wherein Re/W constitutes a combination of rhenium and tungsten, and wherein all of the numerical values listed are in weight percentage.