Piezoelectric linear motor
A piezoelectric motor with improved efficiency and improved specific power is disclosed. The piezoelectric motor has two frictionally engaged components mounted in such a way that they can move relative to each other. One component is a piezoelectric element in the form of a rectangular plate with metal coatings on its main planar surfaces. This component defines electrodes, where either some or all of the electrodes have leads for connection to a source of alternating voltage. The piezoelectric element is pressed by either its peripheral surfaces or by some parts of its peripheral surfaces at least by one of its sides or a section of one of its side against a cylindrical or planar surface of the other frictionally engaged component. The shape of the piezoelectric element, the arrangement and the number of the electrodes are configured to satisfy the condition of resonant excitation in the piezoelement of the first order mode of bending vibration along the length in the plane of the piezoelement during operation of the motor in one direction, and resonant excitation of the first order mode of longitudinal vibrations along the length during operation of the motor in the opposite direction.
1. A piezoelectric motor, comprising:
a base;
at least two frictionally engaged components that can move relative to each other, mounted within the base, for converting electric current into motion;
one of the two frictionally engaged components comprises a piezoelectric element in the form of a rectangular plate having a length to width ratio of 1.0 to 1.2, with metal coatings on its opposing main planar surfaces that define one or more electrodes, at least one having one or more leads for connection to a source of an alternating current;
said piezoelectric element pressed against a cylindrical or planar surface of the other frictionally engaged component whereby a contact area of the piezoelectric element frictionally engages the cylindrical or planar surface;
wherein the shape of the piezoelectric element, an arrangement and a number of the electrodes, and the source of the alternating current, are configured to satisfy a condition of resonant excitation in the piezoelectric element, wherein:
a first configuration, which provides movement of a movable one of the frictionally engaged components in a first direction, facilitates the excitation of only a single mode of vibration in the piezoelectric element, said single mode comprising a first order mode of bending vibration excited along a length direction of the piezoelectric element and in a plane of the piezoelectric element, and
a second configuration, which provides movement of the movable one of the frictionally engaged components in a second direction opposite the first direction, facilitates the excitation of only a single mode of vibration in the piezoelectric element, said single mode comprising a first order mode of longitudinal vibrations of the piezoelectric element excited along the length during operation of the piezoelectric motor.
2. The piezoelectric motor according to claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric element further comprises two symmetrically arranged electrodes with their leads applied onto each main plane of the rectangular plate, with the piezoelectric element being polarized normally to the main planes.
3. The piezoelectric motor according to claim 2 , wherein for excitation of bending vibrations the leads of two symmetrically arranged electrodes on one main plane of the rectangular plate are interconnected to each other and the leads of the two symmetrically arranged electrodes on an opposing main plane of the rectangular plate are connected to a source of an alternating current.
4. The piezoelectric motor according to claim 2 , wherein for excitation of bending vibrations the leads of two electrodes on the opposing planes of the rectangular plate are interconnected in a diametrically opposite configuration.
5. The piezoelectric motor according to claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric element further comprises two symmetrically arranged electrodes with their leads applied onto each main plane of the rectangular plate, with the piezoelectric element being polarized normally to these planes.
6. The piezoelectric motor according to claim 1 , wherein the amplitude of the piezoelectric element bending is on the order of nanometers.
7. The piezoelectric motor according to claim 1 , wherein the two frictionally engaged components undergo a parallel displacement during a vibration.
8. The piezoelectric motor according to claim 7 , wherein the AC current for generation of vibrations is made by a plurality of rectangular pulses having a root mean square (RMS) amplitude of about 20-50 V.
9. The piezoelectric motor according to claim 8 , wherein for excitation of longitudinal mode vibrations the frequency (f) of the AC current is c/2 L, where c is the speed of propagation of sound in the piezoelectric material and L is the length of a piezoelectric element.
10. The piezoelectric motor according to claim 8 , wherein for excitation of bending mode vibrations the frequency (f) of the AC current is c/3.46 L, where c is the speed of propagation of sound in the piezoelectric material and L is the length of a piezoelectric element.
11. The piezoelectric motor according to claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric element is made from a piezo ceramics.
12. The piezoelectric motor according to claim 1 , wherein the condition of resonant excitation in the piezoelectric element which facilitates movement of the piezoelectric element in the first direction corresponds to a movement of the contact area in a direction which is nearly parallel to the length direction of the piezoelectric element.
13. The piezoelectric motor according to claim 12 , wherein the condition of resonant excitation in the piezoelectric element which facilitates movement of the piezoelectric element in the second direction corresponds to a movement of the contact area in a direction which is nearly parallel to the length direction of the piezoelectric element.