Graphene oxide filters and methods of use
A system and device for filtering fluids using graphene oxide (GO) is provided. GO-based filters may be used for the efficient removal of microorganisms from organic and aqueous liquids and may be used to prevent fuel biodeterioration. Functionalization of graphene oxide with reactive oxygen functional groups provides physical properties to the GO including high solubility in polar solvents, good colloidal properties, low production costs, low toxicity, and a large surface area which can be decorated with antimicrobial agents including nanosilver. GO may be used as a filtration media for efficient removal of bacteria and to remove small amounts of water from hydrocarbon fuels. The GO filter media may be made of a plurality of GO particles, a structural core coated with GO, a non-porous structural membrane coated with GO, or a filtering membrane coated with GO. A method for sampling impurities found in an environmental sample is also provided.
1. A fuel storage vessel for removing biological contaminants from fuel, the fuel storage vessel comprising a fuel inlet, a fuel filtrate outlet, a fuel filtering chamber, and a polar graphene oxide filter medium, wherein:
the fuel inlet and the fuel filtrate outlet are in fluid communication with the fuel filtering chamber;
the polar graphene oxide filter medium resides in the fuel filtering chamber; and
the polar graphene oxide filter medium comprises:
a honeycomb monolayer of carbon atoms functionalized with at least one reactive oxygen functional group, wherein the honeycomb monolayer is functionalized with silver nanoparticles, and wherein the honeycomb monolayer is configured as a coating on at least one surface within the fuel filtering chamber,
a polarity exceeding approximately 0.25 on the E T N scale,
an oxygen content exceeding approximately 15%, and
an atomic ratio of carbon to oxygen of 2:1 such that the polar graphene oxide filter medium is effective to remove the biological contaminants from the fuel upon flow of the fuel therethrough.
2. The fuel storage vessel of claim 1 wherein the polar graphene oxide filter medium comprises a polarity exceeding approximately 0.5 on the E T N scale.
3. The fuel storage vessel of claim 1 wherein the polar graphene oxide filter medium comprises a polarity exceeding approximately 0.65 on the E T N scale.
4. The fuel storage vessel of claim 1 wherein the oxygen content of the polar graphene oxide filter medium is approximately 33%.
5. The fuel storage vessel of claim 1 wherein the atomic ratio of carbon to oxygen in the polar graphene oxide filter medium is approximately 66% carbon to approximately 33% oxygen.
6. The fuel storage vessel of claim 1 wherein:
the oxygen content of the polar graphene oxide filter medium exceeds that of reduced graphene oxide.
7. The fuel storage vessel of claim 1 wherein the at least one surface within the fuel filtering chamber is a non-porous structural membrane.
8. The fuel storage vessel of claim 1 wherein:
the at least one surface within the fuel filtering chamber is a non-porous structural membrane; and
the non-porous structural membrane is non-graphitic.
9. The fuel storage vessel of claim 1 wherein:
the at least one surface within the fuel filtering chamber is a non-porous structural membrane; and
the non-porous structural membrane is graphitic.
10. The fuel storage vessel of claim 1 wherein:
the at least one surface within the fuel filtering chamber is a non-porous structural membrane; and
the thickness of the coating is between approximately 1 micrometer and approximately 50 micrometers.
11. The fuel storage vessel of claim 1 wherein the at least one surface within the fuel filtering chamber is a porous filtering membrane.
12. The fuel storage vessel of claim 11 wherein the porous filtering membrane is non-graphitic.
13. The fuel storage vessel of claim 11 wherein the porous filtering membrane is graphitic.
14. The fuel storage vessel of claim 11 wherein the thickness of the coating is between approximately 1 micrometer and approximately 50 micrometers.
15. A fuel storage vessel for removing biological contaminants from fuel, the fuel storage vessel comprising a fuel inlet, a fuel filtrate outlet, a fuel filtering chamber, and a polar graphene oxide filter medium, wherein:
the fuel inlet and the fuel filtrate outlet are in fluid communication with the fuel filtering chamber;
the fuel filtering chamber has interior walls;
the polar graphene oxide filter medium resides on the interior walls of the fuel filtering chamber; and
the polar graphene oxide filter medium comprises:
a honeycomb monolayer of carbon atoms functionalized with at least one reactive oxygen functional group, wherein the honeycomb monolayer is functionalized with silver nanoparticles, and wherein the honeycomb monolayer is configured as a coating on the interior walls of the fuel filtering chamber,
a polarity exceeding approximately 0.25 on the E T N scale,
an oxygen content exceeding that of reduced graphene oxide, and
an atomic ratio of carbon to oxygen of 2:1 such that the polar graphene oxide filter medium is effective to remove the biological contaminants from the fuel upon flow of the fuel therethrough.
16. A method for removing microorganisms from fuel, the method comprising:
introducing a flowing fuel into a fuel storage vessel through a fuel inlet, wherein:
a polar graphene oxide filter medium resides in the fuel storage vessel;
the polar graphene oxide filter medium comprises:
a honeycomb monolayer of carbon atoms functionalized with at least one reactive oxygen functional group, wherein the honeycomb monolayer is functionalized with silver nanoparticles, and wherein the honeycomb monolayer is configured as a coating on at least one surface of the fuel storage vessel,
a polarity exceeding approximately 0.25 on the E T N scale,
an oxygen content exceeding approximately 15% and
an atomic ratio of carbon to oxygen of 2:1; and
flow of the fuel through the polar graphene oxide filter medium is effective to remove the microorganisms from the fuel.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the fuel is a hydrocarbon fuel.
18. The method of claim 16 wherein the flow of the fuel through the polar graphene oxide filter medium is gravity-induced.
19. The method of claim 16 wherein the flow of the fuel through polar graphene oxide filter medium is effective to remove water from the fuel.
20. The method of claim 16 wherein the removal of the microorganisms from the fuel is effective to prevent biodeterioration thereof.
21. The fuel storage vessel of claim 1 wherein the thickness of the coating is between 50 micrometers and 1 millimeter.
22. The fuel storage vessel of claim 1 wherein the thickness of the coating is between 200 micrometers and 1 millimeter.
23. The fuel storage vessel of claim 1 wherein the polar graphene oxide filter medium is a nanomaterial sheet functionalized with silver nanoparticles.
24. The fuel storage vessel of claim 1 wherein the silver nanoparticles are bound to the honeycomb monolayer.
25. The fuel storage vessel of claim 1 wherein the polar graphene oxide filter medium consists essentially of the honeycomb monolayer.
26. The fuel storage vessel of claim 1 wherein the polar graphene oxide filter medium consists of the honeycomb monolayer.