Synthetic proppants and monodispersed proppants and methods of making the same
Synthetic ceramic proppants are described. Proppants having a monodispersity of 3-sigma distribution or lower are also described, including methods to make these proppants and methods of using these proppants.
1. A method of making a sintered ceramic proppant comprising forming a spherical green body core comprising one or more ceramic particulate materials; wherein the sintered ceramic proppant comprises a monodispersity with a 3-sigma distribution, wherein a width of a total distribution of the sintered ceramic proppant is 5% or less of a mean particle size of the sintered ceramic proppant, wherein the 3-sigma distribution is a size distribution of the sintered ceramic proppant; wherein the sintered ceramic proppant comprises a glassy phase, wherein the glassy phase is present in an amount of 15% to 70% based on weight of the sintered ceramic proppant; wherein the sintered ceramic proppant comprises ceramic whiskers, wherein the ceramic whiskers have an average length from 1 micron to 3.5 microns, an average width from 0.1 to 0.3 microns and a whisker length distribution from 0.1 to 5; wherein 90% of the ceramic whiskers have a whisker length that is less than 5 microns, wherein the sintered ceramic proppant comprises a free alpha-alumina content of at least 20 wt % based on the weight of the sintered ceramic proppant; wherein the sintered ceramic proppant comprises an etching weight loss from 15 wt % to 30 wt % based on the weight of the sintered ceramic proppant;
forming, at the same time or afterwards, a green body shell around said green body core, wherein said green body shell comprises at least one ceramic particulate material which results in a green core/shell body;
sintering said green core/shell body, and, during sintering, diffusing at least a portion of said green body core into said green body shell; wherein the diffusing forms the sintered ceramic proppant having a) a central void or a plurality of hollow regions, and b) a shell.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said central void or hollow regions comprises at least 1% by volume of the overall volume of the sintered ceramic proppant.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said diffusing results in at least 5% by weight of said green body core diffusing into said shell.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said diffusing results in at least 10% by weight of said green body core diffusing into said shell.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said diffusing results in at least 50% by weight of said green body core diffusing into said shell.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the green body shell has a softening temperature that is higher than the softening temperature of the green body core.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said green body shell has a softening temperature of at least 100° C. higher than the softening temperature of the green body core.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the softening temperature of the green body shell is from about 300° C. to about 400° C. higher than the softening temperature of the green body core.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the green body shell has a porosity of at least 10% by volume based on the volume of the green body shell.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the green body shell has a porosity of at least 30% by volume based on the volume of the green body shell.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein said sintered ceramic proppant has at least 10% porosity in the sintered shell.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein a slurry of the ceramic particulate material has an Ohnesorge Number (Z) of from 1 to 10, wherein the Ohnesorge Number (Z) is a measure of a sprayability of the slurry.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein a slurry of the ceramic particulate material has an Ohnesorge Number (Z) of from 2 to 10, wherein the Ohnesorge Number (Z) is a measure of a sprayability of the slurry.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein a slurry of the ceramic particulate material has an Ohnesorge Number (Z) of from 4 to 6, wherein the Ohnesorge Number (Z) is a measure of a sprayability of the slurry.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the whiskers or one or more fibers are formed in-situ in said shell during said sintering and as a result of said diffusing.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein said diffusing of the green body core or portion thereof into the shell results in a gradient of wherein a higher concentration of the core is present closer to the core than to an exterior outer surface of the proppant.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein said spherical green body, green body shell, or both further comprise at least one nucleating agent.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein said ceramic particulate materials comprise cordierite, mullite, bauxite, silica, spodumene, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide, zirconium oxide, lithium oxide, iron oxide, spinel, steatite, a silicate, a substituted alumino silicate clay, an inorganic nitride, an inorganic carbide, a non-oxide ceramic or any combination thereof.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein said ceramic particulate materials comprise one or more sedimentary materials or synthetically produced materials or both.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein said spherical green body core and said green body shell are in the absence of igneous or metamorphic materials.
21. The plurality of sintered ceramic proppants of claim 1 , wherein said sintered ceramic proppants have less than 1% by weight of proppant of igneous or metamorphic materials.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the green body or a portion thereof has a density, as measured by a gas pycnometer, such that the average density (g/cm3) does not alter by more than 1% between the density of the whole green body compared to the density of the crushed green body.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the average density changes 0.005% or less.
24. The method of claim 12 , wherein one or more mobile phases are formed in droplets of the slurry that forms the green body and one phase migrates to the surface of the droplet, which causes a multi-phase droplet to form.
25. The method of claim 24 , wherein said multi-phase droplet forms a non-uniform green body of phases.
26. The method of claim 25 , wherein said non-uniform green body of phases diffuses at different rates into said shell with respect to the phases.
27. The method of claim 1 , wherein said green body core comprises at least 50% by weight, based on the weight of the green body core of glassy material, and said green body shell comprises at least 50% crystalline material.
28. The method of claim 1 , wherein said green body core comprises at least 75% by weight, based on the weight of the green body core of glassy material, and said green body shell comprises at least 75% crystalline material.
29. The method of claim 1 , wherein said green body core comprises at least 95% by weight, based on the weight of the green body core of glassy material, and said green body shell comprises at least 95% crystalline material.
30. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particles used to form the green body core are at least 10% smaller in average mean size (d50 size) compared to the mean particle size (d50 size) of the particles that form the green body shell.
31. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particles used to form the green body core are at least 50% smaller in average mean size (d50 size) compared to the mean particle size (d50 size) of the particles that form the green body shell.
32. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particles used to form the green body core are at least 100% smaller in average mean size (d50 size) compared to the mean particle size (d50 size) of the particles that form the green body shell.
33. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ceramic particulate materials that form the green body or a part thereof has the following standard deviation range based on the indicated mean particle size range:
100-299 μm, σ=0.83-2.5
300-499 μm, σ=2.5-4.16
500-799 μm, σ=4.16-6.66
800-999 μm, σ=6.66-8.33
1000-1499 μm, σ=8.33-12.5
1500-2000 μm, σ=12.5-16.66.
34. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ceramic particulate materials that form the green body or a part thereof has a monodisperse particle distribution such that
ds= ( d 90 −d 10) d 50
where d90, d50 and d10 are the 90th, 50th, and 10th percentiles of the particle size distribution respectively, wherein 0.00<ds≦0.05.
35. The method of claim 12 , wherein said slurry has a viscosity of from about 102 to about 105 cP.