Inert electrodes with low voltage drop and methods of making the same

1. An electrolytic cell anode, comprising:

a dense conductive material; and

an encasing conductive material configured to encase the dense conductive material and define the electrolytic cell anode,

wherein the dense conductive material has an electrical conductivity greater than that of the encasing conductive material;

an electrical connector configured to pass an electrical current into the dense conductive material via the encasing conductive material;

wherein the electrical connector does not directly contact the dense conductive material of the electrolytic cell anode;

wherein the electrical connector couples to the encasing material of the electrolytic cell anode, and wherein the encasing material is configured to encased the dense conductive material of the electrolytic cell anode such that the electrical connector does not directly contact the dense conductive material.

2. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 1 , wherein the dense conductive material has an electrical conductivity of at least about 1000 S/cm.

3. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 1 , wherein the encasing conductive material has an electrical conductivity of between about 150 S/cm and 200 S/cm.

4. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 1 , wherein the dense conductive material has an electrical conductivity at least 5 times higher than the encasing material.

5. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 1 , wherein the encasing conductive material comprises a metal oxide.

6. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 5 , wherein the encasing conductive material comprises at least one of an iron oxide, nickel oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide, tin oxide, and combinations thereof.

7. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 1 , wherein the encasing conductive material further comprises an iron oxide.

8. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 1 , wherein the encasing conductive material comprises at least one of Fe3O4,Fe203, and FeO.

9. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 1 , wherein the dense conductive material comprises a metal oxide.

10. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 1 , wherein the dense conductive material further comprises a metal.

11. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 1 , wherein the dense conductive material comprises a metal oxide portion and a metallic portion.

12. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 11 , wherein the metallic portion comprises metal particles within the metal oxide.

13. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 11 , wherein the metallic portion gives the dense conductive material a higher electrical conductivity than the encasing conductive material when the dense conductive material and the encasing conductive material comprise the same metal oxide.

14. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 1 , wherein the dense conductive material comprises the same metal oxide as the encasing material.

15. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 1 , wherein the dense conductive material comprises at least one of Fe3O4, Fe203, and FeO.

16. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 1 , wherein the dense conductive material comprises copper.

17. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 1 , wherein the dense conductive material and the encasing conductive material are integrally formed into the electrolytic cell anode.

18. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 1 , wherein. the electrolytic cell anode is substantially non-consumable and dimensionally stable.

19. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 1 , wherein the electrolytic cell anode is substantially an inert anode.

20. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 1 , wherein the electrolytic cell anode is configured to remain stable in a molten bath of an aluminum electrolytic cell at a temperature of at least about 750° C.

21. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 1 , wherein the electrolytic cell anode is configured to remain substantially non-consumable and dimensionally stable in a molten bath of an aluminum electrolytic cell at a temperature of at least about 750° C.

22. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 1 , wherein the electrolytic cell anode is configured to stable in a molten bath of an aluminum electrolytic cell at a temperature of at most about 900° C.

23. The electrolytic, cell anode of claim 1 , wherein the electrolytic cell anode is configured to remain substantially non-consumable and dimensionally stable in a molten bath of an aluminum electrolytic cell at a temperature of between about 750° C. and 900 20 C.

24. The electrolytic cell anode of claim 1 , wherein the dense conductive material comprises between about 10 % and 50 % of the electrolytic cell anode.

25. The anode assembly of claim 1 , further comprising an electrical contacting material to facilitate the electrical connection between the electrical contact and the electrolytic cell anode.

26. The anode assembly of claim 25 , wherein the electrical contacting material comprises a metal.

27. The anode assembly of claim 25 , wherein the electrical contacting material comprises at least one of a metal paint, a metal foam, metal shot, and combinations thereof.

28. The anode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the anode assembly is configured for electrolytic aluminum production.

29. A method comprising:

passing an electrical current between an anode and a cathode of an electrolytic reaction cell,

wherein the anode comprises the anode assembly of claim 1 .

30. The method of claim 29 , wherein the passing of the electrical current comprises:

(i)first passing the electrical current from the electrical connector through a first section of the encasing conductive material of the electrolytic cell anode; wherein the first section is proximal to the electrical connector;

(ii)second passing a portion of the current from the first section of the outer portion of the inert electrode into the dense conductive material encased within the electrolytic cell anode; and

(iii)third passing a portion of the current from the dense conductive material through to a second section of the encasing conductive material, wherein the second section is proximal to the cathode of the electrolytic bath.

31. The method of claim 29 , wherein while the current passes throughout the electrolytic cell anode, a majority of the current passes through the dense conductive material as the electrical current load is balanced.