Electrode structures for three-dimensional batteries
An electrode structure for use in an energy storage device comprising a population of electrodes, a population of counter-electrodes and a microporous separator separating members of the electrode population from members of the counter-electrode population. Each member of the electrode population comprises an electrode active material layer and an electrode current conductor layer, and each member of the electrode population has a bottom, a top, a length L E , a width W E and a height H E , wherein the ratio of L E to each of W E and H E is at least 5:1, the ratio of H E to W E is between 0.4:1 and 1000:1, and the electrode current collector layer of each member of the electrode population has a length L C that is measured in the same direction as and is at least 50% of length L E .
1. An electrode structure comprising a population of electrodes, a population of counter-electrodes and a microporous separator separating members of the electrode population from members of the counter-electrode population, the populations of electrodes and counter-electrodes being arranged in an alternating sequence in which members of the electrode population are separated from each other by members of the counter-electrode population with the alternating sequence proceeding in a first direction, each member of the electrode population comprising an electrode active material layer and an electrode current collector, each member of the electrode population having a bottom, a top, a length L E , a width W E and a height H E , the length L E being measured from the bottom to the top of each such electrode, the width W E and the height H E being measured in directions that are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of measurement of the length L E , the ratio of L E to each of W E and H E being at least 5:1, respectively, the ratio of H E to W E being between 0.4:1 and 1000:1, respectively, the electrode current collector of each member of the electrode population having a length L E-C that extends along the electrode in the same direction as length L E , and is at least 50% of length L E as measured in the same direction as length L E ,
wherein members of the population of electrodes extend from a first surface of an electrode bus for pooling current from each member of the population of electrodes, and members of the population of counter electrodes extend from a second surface of a counter-electrode bus for pooling current from each member of the population of counter-electrodes, the second surface opposing the first surface, with the bottom of each electrode being proximate to the first surface of the electrode bus such that length L E of each member of the electrode population is measured from the bottom proximate the first surface of the electrode bus to the top distal from the first surface of the electrode bus, in a direction perpendicular to the first surface, and
wherein the electrode current collector of each member of the electrode population comprises a first current collector layer and a second current collector layer, the second current collector layer having a second current collector layer length L E-C that extends along at least 50% of the length L E of the electrode as measured in the same direction as length L E and the first electrode current collector layer having a first electrode current collector layer length L E-C that extends along at least 50% of the length L E of the electrode as measured in the same direction as the length L E and wherein an electrical conductance of the second current collector layer exceeds that of the first current collector layer.
2. The electrode structure of claim 1 wherein the electrode population has N members, the counter-electrode population has N+1 members, and N is at least 5.
3. The electrode structure of claim 1 wherein L E has a value in the range of about 10 mm and about 250 mm.
4. The electrode structure of claim 1 wherein W E and H E each have a value in the range of about 0.01 mm and 5 mm.
5. The electrode structure of claim 1 wherein the ratio of L E to each of W E and H E for each member of the electrode population is at least 10:1, respectively.
6. The electrode structure of claim 1 wherein L E-C is at least 80% of L E .
7. The electrode structure of claim 1 wherein the electrode bus has a length L E-B a width W E-B and a height H E-B the length L E-B being measured in the first direction and the width W E-B and the height H E-B being measured in directions that are mutually perpendicular and to the first direction with the ratio of L E-B to each of W E-B and H E-B being at least 5:1.
8. The electrode structure of claim 1 wherein each member of the counter-electrode population comprises a counter-electrode active material layer and a counter-electrode current conductor layer, each member of the counter-electrode population having a bottom, a top, a length L CE , a width W CE and a height H CE the length L CE being measured from the bottom to the top of each such counter-electrode, the width W CE and the height H CE being measured in directions that are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of measurement of the length L CE , the ratio of L CE to each of W CE and H CE being at least 5:1, respectively, the ratio of H CE to W CE being between 0.4:1 and 1000:1, respectively, the counter-electrode current collector layer of each member of the counter-electrode population having a length L CE-C that is measured in the same direction as and is at least 50% of length L CE .
9. The electrode structure of claim 1 wherein each member of the population of electrodes further comprises an electrode backbone.
10. The electrode structure of claim 9 wherein the electrode backbones of each member of the population of electrodes has an electrical conductivity of less than 10 Siemens/cm.
11. The electrode structure of claim 9 wherein for each member of the population of electrodes, the first electrode current collector layer of the electrode current collector is between the electrode active material and the electrode backbone and the electrode active material is between the microporous separator and the first electrode current collector layer.
12. The electrode structure of claim 9 wherein for each member of the population of electrodes, the first electrode current collector layer of the electrode current collector comprises an ionically permeable conductor material and is located between the electrode active material and the microporous separator and the electrode active material is between the first electrode current collector layer of the electrode current collector and the electrode backbone.
13. The electrode structure of claim 1 wherein the electrode current collector and the electrode active material layer have an electrical conductance and the ratio of the electrical conductance of the electrode current collector to the electrical conductance of the electrode active material layer is at least 100:1, respectively, for each member of the population of electrodes.
14. The electrode structure of claim 1 wherein the population of electrodes is a population of negative electrodes, the population of counter-electrodes is a population of positive electrodes, the electrode active material layer is a negative electrode active material layer and the electrode current collector is a negative electrode current collector wherein the negative electrode active material layer comprises carbon, aluminum, tin, silicon or an alloy thereof.
15. The electrode structure of claim 14 wherein the negative electrode active material layer comprises nanowires of silicon or an alloy thereof, or porous silicon or an alloy thereof.
16. The electrode structure of claim 1 wherein the population of electrodes is a population of negative electrodes, the population of counter-electrodes is a population of positive electrodes, each member of the population of negative electrodes comprises a negative electrode active material layer and a negative electrode current collector, each member of the population of negative electrodes has a bottom, a top, a length L NE , a width W NE and a height H NE , the length L NE being measured from the bottom to the top of each such negative electrode, the width W NE and the height H NE being measured in directions that are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of measurement of the length L NE , the ratio of L NE to each of W NE and H NE being at least 5:1, respectively, the ratio of H NE to W NE being between 0.4:1 and 1000:1, the negative electrode current collector of each member of the population having a length L NC that is measured in the same direction as and is at least 50% of L NE .
17. The electrode structure of claim 1 wherein the population of electrodes is a population of positive electrodes, the population of counter-electrodes is a population of negative electrodes,
(i) each member of the population of positive electrodes comprises a positive electrode active material layer and a positive electrode current collector, each member of the population of positive electrodes has a bottom, a top, a length L PE , a width W PE and a height H PE , the length L PE being measured from the bottom to the top of each such positive electrode, the width W PE and the height H PE being measured in directions that are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of measurement of the length L PE , the ratio of L PE to each of W PE and H PE being at least 5:1, respectively, the ratio of H PE to W PE being between 0.4:1 and 1000:1, respectively, the positive electrode current collector of each member of the positive population having a length L PC that is measured in the same direction as and is at least 50% of L PE , and
(ii) each member of the population of negative electrodes comprises a negative electrode active material layer and a negative electrode current collector, each member of the population of negative electrodes has a bottom, a top, a length L NE , a width W NE and a height H NE , the length L NE being measured from the bottom to the top of each such negative electrode, the width W NE and the height H NE being measured in directions that are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of measurement of the length L NE , the ratio of L NE to each of W NE and H NE being at least 5:1, respectively, the ratio of H NE to W NE being between 0.4:1 and 1000:1, respectively, the negative electrode current collector of each member of the negative population having a length L NC that is measured in the same direction as and is at least 50% of L NE .
18. An electrode stack, the stack comprising at least two electrode structures, each of the electrode structures comprising an electrode structure of claim 1 .
19. The electrode stack of claim 18 wherein the electrode structures are stacked vertically whereby the populations of positive and negative electrodes comprised by a first electrode structure in the electrode stack lie in a different plane than the populations of positive and negative electrodes comprised by a second electrode structure in the electrode stack.
20. The electrode stack of claim 18 wherein the electrode structures are arranged horizontally whereby the populations of positive and negative electrodes comprised by a first electrode structure in the electrode stack lie in substantially the same plane as the populations of positive and negative electrodes comprised by a second electrode structure in the electrode stack.
21. A secondary battery comprising a battery enclosure, a non-aqueous electrolyte and an electrode structure of claim 1 .
22. A secondary battery comprising a battery enclosure, a non-aqueous electrolyte and an electrode stack of claim 18 .
23. The electrode structure of claim 1 , wherein the electrical conductance of the second current collector layer exceeds the electrical conductance of the first current collector layer by a factor of at least 2.
24. The electrode structure of claim 1 , wherein the second current collector layer is thicker than the first current collector layer.
25. The electrode structure of claim 1 wherein the second current collector layer is configured to carry a majority of the current along the electrode length L E .
26. The electrode structure of claim 1 , wherein the second current collector layer extends along at least 80% of the length L E of the electrode as measured in the same direction as L E .
27. The electrode structure of claim 1 , wherein a ratio of electrical conductance to ionic conductance of the first current collector layer of the electrode current collector is at least 1,000:1.
28. The electrode structure of claim 1 , wherein a ratio of the electrical conductance of the electrode current collector to the electrical conductance of the electrode active material layer is at least 1,000:1.
29. The electrode structure of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode current collector layer extends along a length of a top surface of the electrode, the top surface being parallel to the first direction corresponding to the alternating sequence of electrode and counter-electrode members.