Electrochromic multi-layer devices with current modulating structure
View Patent ↗A multi-layer device comprising a first substrate, a first electrically conductive layer on a surface thereof, and a first current modulating layer, the first electrically conductive layer having a sheet resistance to the flow of electrical current through the first electrically conductive layer that varies as a function of position.
1. A multi-layer device comprising a first substrate and a layered stack that is transmissive to electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range of infrared to ultraviolet on a surface of the first substrate, the layered stack comprising a first electrically conductive layer having an upper surface and a lower surface, and a current modulating structure, the electrically conductive layer and the current modulating structure each covering at least 0.01 m 2 of the surface of the first substrate, the lower surface of the first electrically conductive layer being on the surface of the first substrate, the current modulating structure being on the upper surface of the first electrically conductive layer, the current modulating structure comprising a material having a resistivity of at least 10 4 Ω·cm, the first electrically conductive layer having a sheet resistance, R s , to the flow of electrical current through the first electrically conductive layer that varies as a function of position in the first electrically conductive layer, wherein an average sheet resistance in a first region of the first electrically conductive layer circumscribed by a first convex polygon to the average sheet resistance in a second region of the first electrically conductive layer circumscribed by a second convex polygon is at least 2, the first and second regions circumscribed by the first and second convex polygons, respectively, each comprising at least 25% of the surface area of the first electrically conductive layer.
2. The multi-layer device of claim 1 wherein the first electrically conductive layer has a spatially varying sheet resistance, R s , that varies as a function of position in the first electrically conductive layer, a contour map of the sheet resistance, R s , as a function of position within the first electrically conductive layer contains a set of isoresistance lines and a set of resistance gradient lines normal to the isoresistance lines, and the sheet resistance along a gradient line in the set generally increases, generally decreases, generally increases until it reaches a maximum and then generally decreases, or generally decreases until it reaches a minimum and then generally increases.
3. The multi-layer device of claim 1 , the multi-layer device further comprising a first electrode layer on a surface of the current modulating structure, the current modulating structure being between the first electrode layer and the first electrically conductive layer and the first electrically conductive layer being between the first electrode layer and the first substrate.
4. The multi-layer device of claim 3 wherein the first electrode layer comprises an anodic species and a cathodic species, at least one of the anodic species and the cathodic species being an electrochromic material.
5. The multi-layer device of claim 3 , the multi-layer device further comprising a second electrically conductive layer, the first electrode layer being transparent to electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range of infrared to ultraviolet and located between the first and second electrically conductive layers, the second electrically conductive layer having a sheet resistance, R s , to the flow of electrical current through the second electrically conductive layer that varies as a function of position in the first electrically conductive layer wherein the ratio of the value of maximum sheet resistance, R max , to the value of minimum sheet resistance, R min , in the second electrically conductive layer is at least 2.
6. The multi-layer device of claim 5 wherein the ratio of the average sheet resistance in a first region of the second electrically conductive layer circumscribed by a first convex polygon to the average sheet resistance in a second region of the second conductive layer circumscribed by a second convex polygon is at least 2, the first and second regions circumscribed by the first and second convex polygons, respectively, each comprising at least 25% of the surface area of the second electrically conductive layer.
7. The multi-layer device of claim 5 wherein the second electrically conductive layer has a spatially varying sheet resistance, R s , that varies as a function of position in the second electrically conductive layer, a contour map of the sheet resistance, R s , as a function of position within the second electrically conductive layer contains a set of isoresistance lines and a set of resistance gradient lines normal to the isoresistance lines, and the sheet resistance along a gradient line in the set generally increases, generally decreases, generally increases until it reaches a maximum and then generally decreases, or generally decreases until it reaches a minimum and then generally increases.
8. The multi-layer device of claim 5 , the multi-layer device further comprising a second substrate, the second electrically conductive layer being between the second substrate and the first electrically conductive layer.
9. The multi-layer device of claim 1 wherein the first substrate has an inner surface facing the first electrically conductive layer, the surface area of the inner surface of the first substrate being at least 0.1 meter 2 .
10. The multi-layered device of claim 1 wherein the first electrically conductive layer comprises a first material and a second material, the first material being a transparent conductive oxide and the second material having a resistivity that is greater than the resistivity of the first material by a factor of at least 10 2 .
11. The multi-layered device of claim 1 wherein the current modulating structure comprises resistive material.
12. The multi-layered device of claim 1 wherein the current modulating structure comprises insulating material.
13. The multi-layered device of claim 1 wherein the current modulating structure is a patterned structure.