Fluid purification system
Certain disclosed embodiments concern systems and methods of preparing dialysate for use in a home dialysis system that is compact and light-weight relative to existing systems and consumes relatively low amounts of energy. The method includes coupling a household water stream to a dialysis system; filtering the water stream; heating the water stream to at least about 138 degrees Celsius in a non-batch process to produce a heated water stream; maintaining the heated water stream at or above at least about 138 degrees Celsius for at least about two seconds; cooling the heated water stream to produce a cooled water stream; ultrafiltering the cooled water stream; and mixing dialysate components into the cooled water stream in a non-batch process.
1. A fluid purification system having an inlet and an outlet, and defining a fluid flow pathway, comprising:
a pump;
a microfluidic pasteurizer downstream of the pump and coupled to the fluid flow pathway, the fluid flow pathway comprising
(a) a first region where fluid flows in a first direction at a first temperature;
(b) a heater region downstream of the first region, and including at least one heater that transfers heat into the fluid flowing through the heater region at the first temperature to increase the temperature to a second temperature greater than the first temperature to pasteurize the fluid flowing through the pathway; and
(c) a second region downstream of the heater region where fluid flows in a second direction at a temperature greater than the first temperature, wherein fluid flowing in the second region thermally communicates with fluid flowing in the first region such that heat transfers from fluid flowing in the second region to fluid flowing in the first region resulting in a temperature reduction in the fluid as it flows through the second region, wherein fluid flows out of the pathway through the outlet at a temperature less than the second temperature; and
a throttling valve downstream of the microfluidic pasteurizer, wherein the pump and the throttling valve operate in a closed loop control setup to maintain the fluid at a desired pressure and flow rate as the fluid passes through the pasteurizer.
2. The fluid purification system of claim 1 , wherein the pump is configured to increase the fluid pressure in the fluid flow pathway to a pressure higher than saturation pressure in the pasteurizer.
3. The fluid purification system of claim 1 , wherein the desired pressure is at least a saturation pressure such that the fluid does not change state as the fluid passes through the pasteurizer.
4. The fluid purification system of claim 1 , further comprising a filter upstream of the pasteurizer.
5. The fluid purification system of claim 4 , where the filter is a carbon filter.
6. The fluid purification system of claim 1 , further comprising a reverse osmosis element upstream of the pasteurizer.
7. The fluid purification system of claim 1 , further comprising an ultra-filtration element downstream of the pasteurizer.
8. The fluid purification system of claim 1 , further comprising a de-gassifier system downstream of the pasteurizer.
9. The fluid purification system of claim 1 , wherein the fluid is water.
10. The fluid purification system of claim 1 , further comprising a dialysate mixer that receives fluid from the outlet and mixes the fluid with dialysate components to form a dialysate.
11. The fluid purification system of claim 10 , further comprising a dialyzer that receives dialysate from the dialysate mixer.
12. The fluid purification system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a reverse osmosis element upstream of the pasteurizer;
an ultra-filtration element downstream of the pasteurizer; and
a de-gassifier system downstream of the pasteurizer.
13. The fluid purification system of claim 1 , further comprising a recirculation loop adapted to permit fluid leaving the fluid pathway to be recirculated back into the fluid pathway.
14. The fluid purification system of claim 13 , further comprising a source of sterilizing fluid coupled to the recirculation loop.
15. A method for purifying a fluid, comprising:
introducing a fluid stream into a fluid pathway;
passing the fluid stream through a pump configured to achieve a predetermined fluid pressure in the fluid flow pathway;
passing the fluid through a microfluidic pasteurizer coupled to the fluid flow pathway, the fluid flow pathway comprising
(a) a first region where the fluid flows in a first direction at a first temperature;
(b) a heater region downstream of the first region, and including at least one heater that transfers heat into the fluid flowing through the heater region at the first temperature to increase the temperature to a second temperature greater than the first temperature to pasteurize the fluid flowing through the pathway; and
(c) a second region downstream of the heater region where fluid flows in a second direction at a temperature greater than the first temperature, wherein fluid flowing in the second region thermally communicates with fluid flowing in the first region such that heat transfers from fluid flowing in the second region to fluid flowing in the first region resulting in a temperature reduction in the fluid as it flows through the second region, wherein fluid flows out of the pathway at a temperature less than the second temperature; and
passing the fluid stream through a throttling valve after the fluid exits the microfluidic pasteurizer, wherein the pump and the throttling valve operate in a closed-loop to collectively maintain the fluid at a flow rate and pressure that inhibits the fluid from undergoing a phase change in the pasteurizer.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the fluid is water.
17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising passing the water stream through a filter.
18. The method of claim 17 where the filter is a carbon filter.
19. The method of claim 16 , further comprising passing the water stream through a reverse osmosis element.
20. The fluid purification system of claim 1 , wherein the fluid is maintained at or above the second temperature for at least two seconds.
21. The method of claim 16 , further comprising passing the water through a dialyzer after the water exits the throttling valve.