Environmentally beneficial recycling of brines in the process of reducing friction resulting from turbulent flow
Processes are provided for reducing the hydrodynamic friction of a turbulent brine stream including, for example, the step of injecting a mixture of a finely divided free flowing friction reducing powder into the turbulent brine stream, wherein the particles of the powder have a primary particle size between 10 and 100 microns in average particle diameter, and the brine stream comprises water with at least 90,000 ppm total dissolved solids, wherein the total dissolved solids includes at least 30,000 ppm sodium cations, 10,000 ppm calcium cations, and 1,000 ppm magnesium cations, and wherein the brine has an electrical conductivity of greater than 100.0 mS/cm at 25° C. For use with a harsher brine, the particles preferably have a primary particle size between 10 and 53 microns in average particle diameter. The friction reducing powder may, for example, be a polyacrylamide polymer.
1. A process for reducing hydrodynamic friction of a turbulent brine stream during an oil field pumping operation comprising: injecting into the turbulent brine stream a finely divided free flowing friction reducing powder, wherein the friction reducing powder comprises an acrylamide-containing polymer having a number average molecular weight in the range of 1000 to 30,000,000 g/mol and being derived from at least one of the monomers acrylamide, acrylic acid, acrylate salts, dimethylacrylamide, dimethylacrylic acid, and dimethylacrylate salts, wherein at least 80% of particles by weight in the powder have an average particle diameter between 10 and 100 microns, wherein the brine stream comprises water with at least 90,000 ppm total dissolved solids, wherein the total dissolved solids include at least 30,000 ppm sodium cations, at least 10,000 ppm calcium cations, and at least 1,000 ppm magnesium cations, and wherein the brine stream has an electrical conductivity of greater than 50.0 mS/cm at 25° C.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the brine stream comprises water with at least 200,000 ppm total dissolved solids, wherein the total dissolved solids include at least 70,000 ppm sodium cations, at least 40,000 ppm calcium cations, and at least 5,000 ppm magnesium cations, and wherein the brine stream has an electrical conductivity of greater than 100.0 mS/cm at 25° C.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the friction reducing powder is treated with at least one of magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, aluminum stearate, docusate sodium, sodium bicarbonate, cellulose, tricalcium phosphate, sodium ferrocyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, sodium silicate, silicon dioxide, calcium silicate, magnesium trisilicate, talcum powder, sodium aluminosilicate, potassium aluminum silicate, calcium aluminosilicate, bentonite, aluminum silicate, stearic acid, polydimethylsiloxane, diatomaceous earth, sodium chloride, vermiculite, magnesium sulfate, or calcium sulfate.
4. The process of claim 3 , wherein the brine stream comprises water with at least 200,000 ppm total dissolved solids, wherein the total dissolved solids include at least at least 70,000 ppm sodium cations, at least 40,000 ppm calcium cations, and at least 5,000 ppm magnesium cations, and wherein the brine stream has an electrical conductivity of greater than 100.0 mS/cm at 25° C.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the friction reducing powder is first mixed with water or brine to form a slurry before injecting the slurry into the turbulent brine stream, and the slurry is injected into the brine stream less than 7 seconds after first mixing the friction reducing powder with the water or brine to form the slurry.
6. The process of claim 5 , Wherein the brine and/or the brine stream comprises water with at least 200,000 ppm total dissolved solids, wherein the total dissolved solids include at least at least 70,000 ppm sodium cations, at least 40,000 ppm calcium cations, and at least 5,000 ppm magnesium cations, and wherein the brine and/or the brine stream has an electrical conductivity of greater than 100.0 mS/cm at 25° C.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the friction reducing powder is treated with an anti-caking additive, wherein about 0.1 to 20 parts by weight of the anti-caking additive per 100 parts by weight of the friction reducing powder are present in the mixture.
8. The process of claim 7 , wherein the brine stream comprises water with at least 200,000 ppm total dissolved solids, wherein the total dissolved solids include at least 70,000 ppm sodium cations, at least 40,000 ppm calcium cations, and at least 5,000 ppm magnesium cations, and wherein the brine stream has an electrical conductivity of greater than 100.0 mS/cm at 25° C.
9. The process of claim 1 , Wherein the friction reducing powder comprises at least one homo-, co-, ter-, or quater-polymer having a number average molecular weight, in the range of 1,000 to 30,000,000 g/mol and is derived from at least one of the monomers acrylamide, acrylic acid, acrylate salts, dimethylacrylamide, dimethylacrylic acid, and dimethylacrylate salts, wherein 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid comprises 0.0001 to 20% of the total monomers in the polymer or acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate salts comprise 0.0001 to 20% of the total monomers in the polymer.
10. The process of claim 9 , wherein the 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid comprises 0.0001 to 15% of the total monomers or the 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate salts comprises 0.0001 to 15% of the total monomers.
11. The process of claim 9 , wherein the 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid comprises 0.0001 to 10% of the total monomers or the 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate salts comprises 0.0001 to 10% of the total monomers.
12. The process of claim 9 , wherein the 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid comprises 0.0001 to 5% of the total monomers or the 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate salts comprises 0.0001 to 5% of the total monomers.
13. The process of claim 1 , wherein the friction reducing powder comprises at least one homo-, co-, ter-, or quater-polymer having a number average molecular weight in the range of 1,000 to 30,000,000 and is derived from at least one of the monomers acrylamide, acrylic acid, acrylate salts, dimethylacrylamide, dimethylacrylic acid, and dimethylacrylate salts, wherein 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, comprises 0.0001 to 20% of the total monomers in the polymer or 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate salts comprise 0.0001 to 20% of the total monomers in the polymer, and wherein the brine stream comprises water with at least 200,000 ppm total dissolved solids, wherein the total dissolved solids include at least at least 70,000 ppm sodium cations, at least 40,000 ppm calcium cations, and at least 5,000 ppm magnesium cations, and wherein the brine stream has an electrical conductivity of greater than 100.0 mS/cm at 25° C.
14. The process of claim 13 , wherein the 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid comprises 0.0001 to 15% of the total monomers or the 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate salts comprises 0.0001 to 15% of the total monomers.
15. The process of claim 13 , wherein the 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid comprises 0.0001 to 10% of the total monomers or the 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate salts comprises 0.0001 to 10% of the total monomers.
16. The process of claim 13 , wherein the 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid comprises 0.0001 to 5% of the total monomers or the 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate salts comprises 0.0001 to 5% of the total monomers.
17. The process of claim 1 , further comprising: mixing the friction reducing powder with mineral oil to form a dispersion, wherein the step of injecting the friction reducing powder into the turbulent brine stream includes injecting the dispersion into the turbulent brine stream.
18. The process of claim 17 , wherein the dispersion includes between 20 and 55 weight percent friction reducing powder in mineral oil.
19. The process of claim 1 , further comprising: mixing the friction reducing powder with a non-hydrating fluid to form a dispersion, the non-hydraulic fluid comprising dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether acetate, dipropylene glycol butyl ether, dipropylene glycol propyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether, propylene glycol butyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether, tripropylene glycol butyl ether, or tripropylene glycol methyl ether, and wherein the step of injecting the friction reducing powder into the turbulent brine stream includes injecting the dispersion into the turbulent brine stream.
20. The process of claim 19 , wherein the dispersion includes between 20 and 55 weight percent friction reducing powder in the non-hydrating fluid.
21. The process of claim 1 , wherein the mixture is injected into the turbulent brine stream during a hydraulic fracturing operation.
22. The process of claim 1 , wherein the mixture is injected into the turbulent brine stream during a coiled tubing pumping or coiled tubing drilling operation.
23. The process of claim 1 , wherein the acrylamide-containing polymer comprises not more than 0.0001% 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and not more than 0.0001% 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate salts based on the total monomers from which the polymer is derived.
24. The process of claim 7 , wherein the acrylamide-containing polymer comprises not more than 0.0001% 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and not more than 0.0001% 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate salts based on the total monomers from which the polymer is derived.
25. The process of claim 19 , wherein the acrylamide-containing polymer comprises not more than 0.0001% 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and not more than 0.0001% 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate salts based on the total monomers from which the polymer is derived.