Provided according to embodiments of the invention are novel tertiary alkyl thiol compounds and novel tertiary alkyl nitrosothiol compounds. Further provided according to embodiments of the invention are methods of forming a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing xerogel coating that include (a) co-condensing a sol precursor solution comprising at least one backbone alkoxysilane and at least one tertiary thiol alkoxysilane in a solvent to form a sol; (b) coating a substrate with the sol; (c) optionally, drying the sol to form the xerogel coating; and (d) contacting the xerogel coating with a nitrosating agent. Methods of using xerogel coatings are also included.
1. A co-condensed silica sol-gel coating formed from the reaction of the compound of Formula I and at least one backbone alkoxysilane:
wherein R, R′ and R″ are each independently alkyl and n is in a range of 0 to 10.
2. The co-condensed silica sol-gel coating of claim 1 , wherein compound of Formula I has the following structure:
3. The co-condensed silica sol-gel coating of claim 1 , wherein the sol-gel coating is a xerogel.
4. The co-condensed silica sol-gel coating of claim 3 , wherein the compound of Formula I is present at a concentration in a range of 10 mol% and 30 mol% based on total silane monomer concentration.
5. The co-condensed silica sol-gel coating of claim 3 , wherein the backbone alkoxysilane comprises tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and/or methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS).
6. The co-condensed silica sol-gel coating of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the thiol groups in the coating have been reacted with a nitrosating agent to form S-nitrosothiol functional groups.
7. A sol-gel coating comprising a tertiary S-nitrosothiol.
8. The sol-gel coating of claim 7 , wherein the sol gel coating is a xerogel.
9. The sol-gel coating of claim 8 , wherein the NO storage of the xerogel is at a concentration in a range of 0.8 to 2 μmol/cm 2.
10. A method of forming a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing sol-gel coating comprising:
(a) co-condensing a sol precursor solution comprising at least one backbone alkoxysilane and at least one tertiary thiol alkoxysilane in a solvent to form a sol;
(b) coating a substrate with the sol;
(c) optionally, drying the sol to form the sol-gel coating; and
(d) contacting the sol-gel coating with a nitrosating agent.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the sol-gel coating is a xerogel.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the at least one tertiary thiol alkoxysilane has the structure of (OR)(OR′)(OR″)Si(R x ), wherein R, R′ and R″ are each independently H, alkyl or substituted alkyl and R x is functional group that comprises a tertiary thiol group.
13. The method of claim 8 , wherein the tertiary thiol alkoxysilane has the structure:
wherein R, R′ and R″ are each independently alkyl and n is in a range of 0 to 10.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the tertiary thiol alkoxysilane has the structure
15. The method of claim 10 , wherein the at least one backbone alkoxysilane comprises TEOS and/or MTMOS.
16. The method of claim 10 , wherein the sol precursor solution further comprises an acid catalyst.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the acid catalyst is present in the sol precursor solution at a concentration in a range of 0.025M to 0. 075M.
18. The method of claim 10 , wherein the tertiary thiol alkoxysilane is present at a concentration of less than 40 mol % based on the total alkoxysilane concentration.
19. A method of reducing or eliminating bacterial adhesion to a substrate comprising
(a) coating the substrate with the co-condensed silica_sol-gel coating of claim 1 ;
(b) exposing the substrate to bacteria; and
(c) irradiating the substrate to release nitric oxide, which reduces or eliminates bacterial adhesion to the substrate.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the sol-gel coating is a xerogel.