Catalyst layer
A catalyst layer including an electrocatalyst and an oxygen evolution catalyst, wherein the oxygen evolution catalyst includes a crystalline metal oxide including: (i) one of more first metals selected from the group consisting of yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, sodium, potassium, indium, thallium, tin, lead, antimony and bismuth; (ii) one or more second metals selected from the group consisting of Ru, Ir, Os and Rh; and (iii) oxygen characterized in that: (a) the atomic ratio of first metal(s):second metal(s) is from 1:1.5 to 1.5:1 (b) the atomic ratio of (first metal(s)+second metal(s)):oxygen is from 1:1 to 1:2 is disclosed.
1. A catalyst layer comprising:
an electrocatalyst comprising platinum; and
an oxygen evolution catalyst,
wherein the oxygen evolution catalyst comprises a crystalline metal oxide of formula (AA′) a (BB′) b O c , the crystalline metal oxide having a pyrochlore type crystalline structure,
wherein A and A′ are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, sodium, potassium, indium, thallium, tin, lead, antimony and bismuth;
B is selected from the group consisting of Ru, Ir, Os, and Rh;
B′ is selected from the group consisting of Ru, Ir, Os, Rh, Ca, Mg or a rare earth metal;
a is 1.33 to 3;
b is 2;
c is from 3 to 10;
the atomic ratio of (a+b) : c is from 1:1 to 1:2; and
the atomic ratio of a:b is from 1:1.5 to 1.5:1, and,
wherein the electrocatalyst and the oxygen evolution catalyst are present in said layer as a mixture.
2. An electrode comprising a gas diffusion layer and the catalyst layer of claim 1 .
3. A catalysed membrane comprising a proton conducting membrane and the catalyst layer of claim 1 .
4. A catalysed transfer substrate comprising the catalyst layer of claim 1 .
5. A membrane electrode assembly comprising the catalyst layer of claim 1 .
6. The catalyst layer of claim 1 , wherein A and A′ are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, calcium, strontium, barium lead, and cerium.