Hybrid aerobic and anaerobic wastewater and sludge treatment systems and methods

1. A method of increasing the capacity of a wastewater treatment system having a biological treatment train with at least one biological reactor selected from the group consisting of an anaerobic reactor, an anoxic reactor, a contact tank, a sequencing batch reactor, and an aerobic reactor, a solids-rich outlet of the biological treatment train fluidly connected upstream of an inlet of an anaerobic digester distinct from the at least one biological reactor, the method comprising:

directing a first fraction of a solids-rich sludge produced in the biological treatment train into an inlet of the anaerobic digester in an amount resulting in a concentration of methanogenic bacteria present in the solids-rich sludge produced in the biological treatment train being at least 10% of a concentration of methanogenic bacteria present in mixed liquor in the anaerobic digester;

directing anaerobically digested sludge from an outlet of the anaerobic digester into an aerobic stabilization tank through a conduit fluidly connecting the outlet of the anaerobic digester to a first inlet of the aerobic stabilization tank; and

directing sludge from an outlet of the aerobic stabilization tank to an inlet of the at least one biological reactor through a conduit fluidly connecting the outlet of the aerobic stabilization tank to the inlet of the at least one biological reactor.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising reducing a hydraulic retention time of one of the at least one biological reactor and the anaerobic digester by adjusting the amount of the first fraction of the solids-rich sludge produced in the biological treatment train directed into the inlet of the anaerobic digester.

3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising producing a biological floc in the at least one biological reactor having an aerobic outer layer and one of an anoxic and an anaerobic core.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein producing the biological floc in the at least one biological reactor comprises increasing the organic loading of the at least one biological reactor.

5. The method of claim 3 , wherein producing the biological floc in the at least one biological reactor comprises reducing an amount of oxygen supplied to the at least one biological reactor.

6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising increasing a rate of production of methane in the anaerobic digester by adjusting the amount of the first fraction of the solids-rich sludge produced in the biological treatment train directed into the inlet of the anaerobic digester.

7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising directing a second fraction of the solids-rich sludge produced in the biological treatment train into a second inlet of the aerobic stabilization tank through a conduit fluidly connecting an outlet of a separator in the biological treatment train and the second inlet of the aerobic stabilization tank.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the second fraction is greater than the first fraction.

9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising producing the first fraction of the solids-rich sludge by thickening a portion of a solids-rich sludge output from the solids-rich outlet of the biological treatment train in a sludge thickener, the first fraction of the solids-rich sludge comprising a thickened solids-rich sludge output from the sludge thickener.

10. The method of claim 9 , further comprising directing a solids-lean output of the sludge thickener into the aerobic stabilization tank.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of methanogenic bacteria present in the solids-rich sludge produced in the biological treatment train is at least 25% of the concentration of methanogenic bacteria present in mixed liquor in the anaerobic digester.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the concentration of methanogenic bacteria present in the solids-rich sludge produced in the biological treatment train is at least 50% of the concentration of methanogenic bacteria present in mixed liquor in the anaerobic digester.

13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

directing anaerobically digested sludge from an outlet of the anaerobic digester into a separator;

separating the anaerobically digested sludge directed into the separator into a separated solids-lean fluid and a separated solids-rich sludge; and

directing the separated solids-lean fluid from the separator into a precipitation vessel.

14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising directing the separated solids-rich sludge into the at least one biological reactor.

15. The method of claim 13 , further comprising precipitating one of a nitrogen containing compound and a phosphorous containing compound from the separated solids-lean fluid in the precipitation vessel.

16. The method of claim 13 , further comprising:

separating a second solids-lean fluid from the solids-rich sludge produced in the biological treatment train; and

directing the second solids-lean fluid into the separator.

17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising washing precipitates and/or retained solids from the separator with the second solids-lean fluid.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the separator comprises a membrane filter and washing precipitates and/or retained solids from the separator with the second solids-lean fluid comprises backwashing a membrane of the membrane filter with the second solids-lean fluid.

19. The method of claim 1 , further comprising maintaining a solids retention time in the anaerobic reactor sufficient for a fraction of nitrification bacteria in sludge entering the anaerobic reactor to survive an anaerobic digestion process in the anaerobic reactor and cause sludge exiting the anaerobic digester to exhibit at least about 25% of a nitrification activity of the sludge entering the anaerobic digester.