Battery charge transfer mechanisms

1. An alkali metal secondary cell, comprising:

an alkali metal negative electrode, which electrochemically oxidizes to release alkali metal ions during discharge and electrochemically reduces alkali metal ions to alkali metal during recharge, wherein the alkali metal negative electrode comprises a material selected from sodium metal and lithium metal;

a solvent;

a positive electrode compartment comprising a positive electrode disposed in a liquid positive electrode solution comprising:

a metal complex ion comprising a complex of a non-alkali metal ion and a chemical selected from (i) plurality of ions selected from halide ions and pseudo-halide ions, (ii) a chelating agent, and (iii) ammonia, wherein the metal complex ion has a concentration that is greater than 0.5 Molar; and

an alkali metal compound selected from an alkali metal halide and an alkali metal pseudo-halide, wherein the non-alkali metal ion from the metal complex ion electrochemically reduces to form non-alkali metal plating on the positive electrode during discharge, and wherein the non-alkali metal plating electrochemically oxidizes to form the non-alkali metal ion and the metal complex ion during recharge; and

an alkali metal ion conductive electrolyte membrane that separates the alkali metal negative electrode from the liquid positive electrode solution, wherein the alkali metal ion conductive electrolyte membrane is selected from a sodium ion conductive electrolyte membrane and a lithium ion conductive membrane

wherein the alkali metal secondary cell, during operation, has a discharge reaction represented by:

A+MX n − ↔A + +M(s)+ n X − , and

a charge reaction represented by:

A + +M(s)+ n X − ↔A+MX n − ,

wherein A is the alkali metal, M is the non-alkali metal of the metal complex ion, X is a chemical selected from (i) plurality of ions selected from halide ions and pseudo-halide ions, (ii) a chelating agent, and (iii) ammonia.

2. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the alkali metal negative electrode comprises sodium metal.

3. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the alkali metal negative electrode comprises lithium metal.

4. The cell of claim 2 , wherein the alkali metal ion conductive electrolyte membrane comprises a NaSICON-type material.

5. The cell of claim 3 , wherein the alkali metal ion conductive electrolyte membrane comprises a LiSICON-type material.

6. The cell of claim 2 , wherein the alkali metal compound comprises NaI.

7. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the metal complex ion comprises the plurality of ions selected from halide ions and pseudo-halide ions, and such ions are selected from a chloride ion, bromide ion, iodide ion, azide ion, thiocyanate ion, and a cyanide ion.

8. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the metal complex ion is selected from CuI 2 − , AgI 2 − , [AlF 6 ] 3− , [AlF 4 ] −1 , [BeF 4 ] 2− , [SnF 6 ] 2− , [CuCl 2 ] −1 , [AgCl 2 ] −1 , [PbCl 4 ] 2− , [ZnCl 4 ] 2− , [HgCl 4 ] 2− , [CuBr 2 ] −1 , [AgBr 2 ] −1 , [HgBr 4 ] 2− , [CuI 2 ] −1 , [AgI 2 ] −1 , [PbI 4 ] 2− , [ZrI 5 ] −1 , [TiBr 5 ] −1 , [HgI 4 ] 2− , and [Cd(SCN) 4 ] 2− , [Hg(SCN) 4 ] 2− .

9. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the non-alkali metal ion is selected from ions of silver, aluminum, gold, bismuth, beryllium, cobalt, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, zinc, gallium, mercury, magnesium, manganese, nickel, lead, titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten, gallium, indium and tin.

10. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the liquid positive electrode solution comprises the alkali metal halide or pseudohalide at a concentration that is greater than 0.5 Molar.

11. An alkali metal secondary cell, comprising:

an alkali metal negative electrode, which electrochemically oxidizes to release alkali metal ions during discharge of the secondary cell and electrochemically reduces alkali metal ions to alkali metal during recharge of the secondary cell, wherein the alkali metal negative electrode comprises a material selected from sodium metal and lithium metal;

a solvent;

a positive electrode compartment comprising a positive electrode disposed in a liquid positive electrode solution comprising:

a metal complex ion comprising a complex of a non-alkali metal ion and a chemical selected from (i) plurality of ions selected from halide ions and pseudo-halide ions, and (ii) a chelating agent, wherein the metal complex ion has a concentration that is greater than 0.5 Molar; and

an alkali metal compound selected from an alkali metal halide, wherein the non-alkali metal ion from the metal complex ion electrochemically reduces to form metal plating on the positive electrode during discharge, and wherein the halide electrochemically oxidizes to form a halogen during recharge; and

an alkali metal ion conductive electrolyte membrane that separates the alkali metal negative electrode from the liquid positive electrode solution, wherein the alkali metal ion conductive electrolyte membrane is selected from a sodium ion conductive electrolyte membrane and a lithium ion conductive membrane

wherein the alkali metal secondary cell, during operation, has a discharge reaction represented by:

A+MX n − ↔A + +M(s)+ n X − , and

a charge reaction represented by:

A + +M(s)+ n X − ↔A+MX n − ,

wherein A is the alkali metal, M is the non-alkali metal of the metal complex ion, X is a chemical selected from (i) plurality of ions selected from halide ions and pseudo-halide ions and (ii) a chelating agent.

12. The cell of claim 11 , wherein during recharge the halogen oxidizes the metal plating to reform the metal complex ion.