Electrically conductive membrane pump/transducer and methods to make and use same

1. A pump comprising:

(a) one or more electrically conductive membranes;

(b) a cavity bounded at least in part by a substrate, wherein the cavity has a volume that changes due to the movement of the one or more electrically conductive membranes;

(c) a venturi channel operatively connected to the cavity, wherein the venturi channel is operatively connected to a venturi orifice;

(d) an outlet orifice operatively connected to the venturi channel;

(e) an electrically conductive trace located near and apart from the one or more electrically conductive membranes; and

(f) a time varying voltage between the one or more electrically conductive membranes and the electrically conductive trace, wherein

(i) the time varying voltage is operable for moving the one or more electrically conductive membranes in a first direction and a second direction relative to the substrate,

(ii) the combined movement of the one or more electrically conductive membranes in a first and second direction is operable to cause a fluid to enter the venturi orifice and exit the outlet orifice, and

(iii) the pump is a valve-less pump that operates at a frequency above 20 kHz.

2. The pump of claim 1 , wherein the one or more electrically conductive membranes are each less than 100 nm thick.

3. The pump of claim 1 , wherein the one or more electrically conductive membranes comprise graphene.

4. The pump of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive trace comprises metal.

5. The pump of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive trace comprises silicon.

6. The pump of claim of 1 , wherein

(a) the time varying voltage is operable for moving the one or more electrically conductive membranes in a first direction and a second direction relative to the substrate during a plurality of cycle periods;

(b) each of the cycle periods comprises a first portion wherein the voltage is applied, and

(c) each of cycle periods comprises a second portion wherein the voltage is reduced or terminated.

7. The pump of claim 6 , wherein, in each of the cycle periods, the second portion of the cycle period is longer than the first portion of the cycle period.

8. The pump of claim 6 , wherein, in each of the cycle periods, the second portion of the cycle period is shorter than the first portion of the cycle period.

9. The pump of claim 1 , wherein the fluid is air.

10. An audio speaker comprising:

(a) one or more electrically conductive membranes;

(b) a cavity bounded at least in part by a substrate, wherein the cavity has a volume that changes due to the movement of the one or more electrically conductive membranes;

(c) a venturi channel operatively connected to the cavity, wherein the venturi channel is operatively connected to a venturi orifice;

(d) an outlet orifice operatively connected to the venturi channel;

(e) an electrically conductive trace located near and apart from the one or more electrically conductive membranes; and

(f) a time varying voltage between the one or more electrically conductive membranes and the electrically conductive trace, wherein

(i) the time varying voltage has an ultrasonic frequency,

(ii) the time varying voltage is operable for moving the one or more electrically conductive membranes in a first direction and a second direction relative to the substrate,

(iii) the combined movement of the one or more electrically conductive membranes in a first and second direction is operable to cause air to enter the venturi orifice and exit the outlet orifice at an average flow rate, and

(iv) the average airflow rate is varied between 20 Hz and 20 kHz to produce an audible sound, and

(v) the audio speaker is a valve-less audio speaker.

11. The audio speaker of claim 10 , wherein the one or more electrically conductive membranes each are less than 100 nm thick.

12. The audio speaker of claim 10 , wherein the one or more electrically conductive membranes comprise graphene.

13. The audio speaker of claim 10 , wherein the electrically conductive trace comprises metal.

14. The audio speaker of claim 10 , wherein the electrically conductive trace comprises silicon.

15. The audio speaker of claim of 10 , wherein

(a) the time varying voltage is operable for moving the electrically conductive membrane in a first direction and a second direction relative to the substrate during a plurality of cycle periods;

(b) each of the cycle periods comprises a first portion wherein the voltage is applied, and

(c) each of cycle periods comprises a second portion wherein the voltage is reduced or terminated.

16. The audio speaker of claim 15 , wherein, in each of the cycle periods, the second portion of the cycle period is longer than the first portion of the cycle period.

17. The audio speaker of claim 15 , wherein, in each of the cycle periods, the second portion of the cycle period is shorter than the first portion of the cycle period.

18. The audio speaker of claim 15 , wherein each of the cycle periods takes between around 0.01 microsecond and around 10 microseconds.

19. The audio speaker of claim 10 , wherein the audio signal is around a 1 kHz audio wave.

20. The audio speaker of claim 10 further comprising a second metallic trace, wherein

(a) the second electrically conductive trace is positioned such that

(i) when the electrically conductive membrane is moving toward the electrically conductive trace, the electrically conductive membrane is moving away from the second electrically conductive trace, and

(ii) when the electrically conductive membrane is moving away from the electrically conductive trace, the electrically conductive membrane is moving toward the second electrically conductive trace, and

(b) the electrically conductive membrane is operable to move toward the second electrically conductive trace when a second voltage is applied between the electrically conductive membrane and the second electrically conductive trace.